Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta TNP. Mostrar todas as mensagens
Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta TNP. Mostrar todas as mensagens
terça-feira, 20 de setembro de 2022
Música do BioTerra: Marisa Liz - Guerra Nuclear
Labels:
António Variações,
Autobiografia,
Ecologia Integral,
Energia Nuclear,
EUA,
História,
Homenagem,
Lusofonia,
Manifesto,
Minha Reflexão,
Música,
Pacifismo,
Poesia,
TNP,
Ucrânia
sexta-feira, 2 de setembro de 2022
Mikhail Gorbachev: The contradictory legacy of Soviet leader who attempted ‘revolution from above’
Por Ronald Suny
Mikhail Gorbachev was a contradictory figure; his legacy, complex. Hailed in the West as a democrat and liberator of his people – which he genuinely was – he increasingly became despised by many within Russia for destroying the Soviet Union and dismantling a great power.
Either way, he was consequential. Indeed, his death at 91, announced by state media in Russia on Aug. 30, 2022, comes as the ripples of the transformation he helped engineer continue to be felt. The invasion of Ukraine is, in part, an attempt to reverse the loss of status felt in post-Cold War Russia by the disintegration of the Soviet Union that occurred under Gorbachev – something Vladimir Putin views as “the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the [20th] century.” In a sense, the unraveling of the Soviet Union that began 30 years ago is still going on now, in the bloody war in Ukraine.
Of course, that is not how he is perceived in the West. After enduring Western suspicions when he first came to power that he was simply a wolf in sheep’s clothing, an insincere reformer who was really a hard-line communist, Gorbachev managed to convince the skeptics abroad of his sincerity. U.K. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher found in Gorbachev someone she could “do business with.” Then, through her, U.S. President Ronald Reagan came around to the view that Gorbachev was indeed an authentic dismantler of the Soviet command system.
Early fears in the West evolved into anxiety about Gorbachev’s survival as he embarked on his great project. He was a reformer aspiring to be a revolutionary from above, wanting to liberalize and democratize his country to save socialism.
But in the process, he ended up undermining socialism as the major alternative to Western neoliberal capitalism. His rushed reforms to modernize the Soviet Union were overtaken by developments on the ground that saw the socialist project fall, to be replaced by a new era in Russia marked by growing nationalism and renewed authoritarianism.
Who was Mikhail Gorbachev and where did he come from?
Born in 1931 in southern Russia as the son of peasants, the young Gorbachev learned about the horrors of Stalinist repressions from his grandfathers, both of whom had suffered imprisonment. Physically strong and exceptionally bright, Gorbachev went on to study law at Moscow State University and soon embarked on a steady rise as a Communist Party official.
A faithful apparatchik, he knew the pathologies of the system: the stultifying, self-serving bureaucracy, repression of free expression, bloated military spending, and lack of initiative and productivity of workers and peasants. Once he achieved the highest position in the party of general secretary in 1985 he embarked on a pell-mell program of reform. It was centered on two ideas, that of “perestroika” – the restructuring the political and economic system – and “glasnost” – the end of censorship and the introduction of freedom of speech and the press.
But from the start, the economic reforms proved to be flawed. Mammoth problems, including the fall in the world price of oil – the USSR’s greatest source of foreign exchange – a devastating earthquake in Armenia and the Chernobyl nuclear disaster impoverished the country and eroded Gorbachev’s popularity at home.
His foreign policy achievements – the withdrawal from war in Afghanistan, liberating the Soviet satellite states in East Central Europe and the reduction of nuclear arms – won him friends abroad.
But many of his closest comrades at home, particularly in the military and KGB, the state security service, were appalled by his surrender of what they considered the gains from the victory over fascism in World War II.
On Gorbachev’s watch, the Soviet Union rapidly declined from a superpower into a pathetically weak state begging for financial help from the George H.W. Bush administration, which never came through. He allowed the two German states, separated during the Cold War by the Berlin Wall into a Western and a Soviet-controlled sector, to reunite without gaining much from the deal.
He mistakenly thought he had a firm agreement with the United States and Germany not to move NATO an inch eastward but failed to get it in writing. Ignoring protests by Gorbachev’s successor, Russia’s President Boris Yeltsin, President Bill Clinton responded to the wishes of East European states to join the Western alliance, taking advantage of the USSR’s weakness.
Gorbachev’s political demise and that of the Union
In the 1970s and 1980s the image of the USSR in the West was of a giant nuclear-armed Communist country, a revolutionary, expansionist state, seriously threatening the “free world.” But many who studied it and traveled there, like me, could readily see that it was economically stagnating, socially conservative and politically quite fragile.
By the late 1980s Gorbachev was caught between a conservative elite, which feared change, and self-styled democrats, led by his nemesis, Yeltsin, who clamored for more radical change.
As head of government, Gorbachev was faced with an insoluble dilemma: how to achieve the democratic ends he desired without resorting to undemocratic means, force and violence. Unwilling, except on rare occasions, to use armed force to keep order or save the union, he was ineffective against nationalist resistance in many of the non-Russian republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Lithuania.
His intentions to turn an empire, in which one nationality dominated over subordinate peoples, into a genuinely democratic federation of equal nations was approved by more than three-quarters of those who voted in a referendum in March 1991.
But a few months later, that plan foundered when some of his generals and secret police agents launched a coup against him. The plotters failed, but the winner of the three-day standoff was not Gorbachev, but Yeltsin.
In early December, three inebriated leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus met in a forest setting in the absence of Gorbachev, where they came up with a hastily conceived plan to break up the USSR and abolish Gorbachev’s presidency. The Soviet world ended “not with a bang, but a whimper,” to borrow from the poet T.S. Eliot. A weak, ineffective Commonwealth of Independent States was established in which there would be no role for Gorbachev.
On Christmas Day, Gorbachev resigned, a dignified but pathetic figure, now powerless and reduced to running his foundation and writing his memoirs.
Freedom expanded, but at a cost
Gorbachev’s revolution from above had from its beginning been dependent on reform advocates preventing the conservative elites from undermining his program. Most importantly, he tried to mobilize intellectuals through “glasnost” to pierce the defense of the decaying system. But most writers and academics abandoned gradual approaches for a more rapid transformation.
While unleashing the pent-up resentments and discontents festering in Soviet society, Gorbachev underestimated his ability to control the growing revolution from below.
That freeing of the public sphere brought out striking miners and incensed consumers angry at privileged party potentates and violently gave voice to the suppressed discontents of non-Russians in the various constituent republics of the USSR. Ultimately, the Soviet empire disintegrated, not from a popular, massive uprising from below, as many in the West imagine, but from the mistakes and political infighting at the top, which progressively weakened the center’s authority.
Gorbachev tried to do too much, too fast without the resources to achieve his goals. By 1990 his own weakness and indecision had derailed the revolution from above.
A great emancipator, Gorbachev left a mixed legacy. He expanded freedom for millions but at the same time unleashed roiling waves of nationalism and left the upturned soil for renewed authoritarianism.
Labels:
Afeganistão,
Autocracia,
Chernobyl,
Comunismo,
Crónica,
Homenagem,
Marxismo,
Mikhail Gorbachev,
Nacionalismo,
Neofascismo,
Oligarquia,
Socialismo,
TNP,
Ucrânia
quarta-feira, 10 de agosto de 2022
Roger Waters já se esqueceu da invasão chinesa do Tibete e do genocídio do povo Uigure por parte da China
Roger Waters culpa a NATO pela guerra e enaltece Rússia e China
O músico Roger Waters, ex-membro e cofundador dos Pink Floyd, acusou em entrevista à CNN Internacional Joe Biden de estar a alimentar a guerra na Ucrânia, e defende a China e a Rússia na sua nova digressão a solo, (ver show completo aqui - "This Is Not a Drill"), onde aborda diferentes temáticas e mensagens políticas.
Quando questionada a razão pela qual o artista chama a Biden "criminoso de Guerra", o cantor afirma que o presidente dos Estados Unidos "está a alimentar a guerra na Ucrânia. Porque é que os Estados Unidos não encorajam Zelensky a negociar, acabando com a necessidade desta guerra horrenda?".
Para o ex Pink Floyd, a NATO é a principal culpada da guerra.
"Há que olhar para a história. Podemos dizer que esta guerra começou em 2008. É sobre a ação e reação da NATO, que se chegou junto às fronteiras russas, o que prometeram que não fariam quando Gorbachev negociou a retirada da União Soviética da Europa de Leste", disse. Vale a pena relembrar que o próprio Gorbachev negou a existência de tal promessa numa entrevista em 2014.
O músico criticou ainda a posição norte-americana e a ideia de que os EUA são "libertadores".
"Vocês só entraram na Segunda Grande Guerra por causa de Pearl Harbor. Antes eram isolacionistas", criticou Waters, referindo-se ao ataque do Japão à base naval norte-americana de Pearl Harbor.
"Graças a Deus que os russos já tinham vencido a guerra nessa altura. 23 milhões de russos morreram a protegê-lo a si e a mim da ameaça nazi", enalteceu o artista britânico, criticando o jornalista de estar a acreditar na publicidade "que a América lhe está a vender."
A China também foi um tema que mereceu a empatia do músico. "Taiwan faz parte da China. Isso tem sido aceite pela comunidade internacional desde 1948. E se não sabem isso, não estão a ler o suficiente", contudo, deixou de parte a invasão chinesa ao Tibete em 1950 quando afirmou que o Estado não tinha massacrado ninguém.
A entrevista terminou com o cofundador dos Pink Floyd a dizer ao jornalista para "sair daqui e ler um bocadinho mais e tentar perceber o que os Estados Unidos fariam se os chineses colocassem mísseis nucleares no México e no Canadá".
P.S.
- E porque é que temos que aceitar a Política de Uma China?
- Roger Waters já se esqueceu da invasão chinesa do Tibete e do genocídio do povo Uigure por parte da China.
- Aquela da Rússia ter ganho a 2ª guerra mundial sózinha então é de quem não conhece nada de história. Antes de entrar na guerra, os EUA forneceram armamento em grande quantidade aos aliados, Rússia incluída, e se eles não entrassem na guerra não sei como seria hoje a Europa.
Labels:
China,
Comunismo,
Concerto,
Entrevista,
EUA,
Genocídio,
História,
Imperialismo,
Joe Biden,
Minha Reflexão,
Música,
NATO,
Nazismo,
Política,
Roger Waters,
TNP,
Ucrânia,
Volodymyr Zelensky
sexta-feira, 30 de abril de 2021
Tratado de Não Proliferação das Armas Nucleares
![]() |
| Tratado de Não Proliferação Nuclear: uma garantia cada vez mais frágil e ameaçada |
Tratado de não Proliferação das Armas Nucleares by João Soares on Scribd
Bibliografia:
- Daniel H. Joyner, Interpreting the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Oxford Universtity Press, 2011, 200 pp.
- Ian Bellany, Outflanking missile defences: the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, nuclear weapons and terrorism, in Defense & Security Analysis, Vol. 28, n.º 1, 2012, p. 81-96
- Arsalan M. Suleman, Bargaining in the Shadow of Violence: The NPT, IAEA, and Nuclear Non-Proliferation Negotiations, in Berkeley Journal of International Law, Vol. 26, n.º1, Fall 2007, p. 206-253
- Orde F. Kittrie, Averting Catastrophe: Why the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty is Losing its Deterrence Capacity, in Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 28, n.º2, Winter 2007, p. 337-430
- Jonathan Granoff, The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and Its 2005 Review Conference: A Legal and Political Analysis, in New York University Journal of International Law & Politics, Vol. 39, n.º4, 2007, p. 995-1006
- Christopher A. Ford, The Nonproliferation Bestiary: A Typology and Analysis of Nonproliferation Regimes,in New York University Journal of International Law & Politics, Vol. 39, n.º4, 2007, p. 937-993
- Gary J. Meise, Securing the strength of the renewed NPT: China, the linchpin " middle kingdom", in Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 1997, V.30, n.3, p.539-578
- Paul Szasz, IAEA safeguards for NPT, in Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 1996 V.5, n.3, p.239-245
- Tuiloma Neroni Slade, 1995 review and extension of the treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, in Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 1996, V.5, n.3, p.246-252
- Jozef Goldblat, The nuclear non-proliferation régime: assessment and prospects, in Recueil des Cours, T.256 (1995), p.9-191
- Mohamed I. Shaker, La conférence des parties au traité sur la non-prolifération des armes nucléaires (TNP) : New York, Avril-Mai 1995, in Annuaire Français de Droit International, v.41 (1995), p.169-183
- Ian Bellany, Outflanking missile defences: the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, nuclear weapons and terrorism, in Defense & Security Analysis, Vol. 28, n.º 1, 2012, p. 81-96
- Arsalan M. Suleman, Bargaining in the Shadow of Violence: The NPT, IAEA, and Nuclear Non-Proliferation Negotiations, in Berkeley Journal of International Law, Vol. 26, n.º1, Fall 2007, p. 206-253
- Orde F. Kittrie, Averting Catastrophe: Why the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty is Losing its Deterrence Capacity, in Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 28, n.º2, Winter 2007, p. 337-430
- Jonathan Granoff, The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and Its 2005 Review Conference: A Legal and Political Analysis, in New York University Journal of International Law & Politics, Vol. 39, n.º4, 2007, p. 995-1006
- Christopher A. Ford, The Nonproliferation Bestiary: A Typology and Analysis of Nonproliferation Regimes,in New York University Journal of International Law & Politics, Vol. 39, n.º4, 2007, p. 937-993
- Gary J. Meise, Securing the strength of the renewed NPT: China, the linchpin " middle kingdom", in Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 1997, V.30, n.3, p.539-578
- Paul Szasz, IAEA safeguards for NPT, in Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 1996 V.5, n.3, p.239-245
- Tuiloma Neroni Slade, 1995 review and extension of the treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, in Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 1996, V.5, n.3, p.246-252
- Jozef Goldblat, The nuclear non-proliferation régime: assessment and prospects, in Recueil des Cours, T.256 (1995), p.9-191
- Mohamed I. Shaker, La conférence des parties au traité sur la non-prolifération des armes nucléaires (TNP) : New York, Avril-Mai 1995, in Annuaire Français de Droit International, v.41 (1995), p.169-183
Estados Partes: NPT
Documentário: Coreia do Norte- armas nucleares, terror e propaganda
A cada ano, 5.000 turistas ocidentais visitam a Coreia do Norte. À frente do país, um estadista misterioso e caprichoso, Kim Jong-un. Seu país nunca esteve tão perto de se tornar uma potência nuclear. Na imersão, vimos o que o regime quer mostrar aos estrangeiros através da propaganda. Reportagem secreta na Coreia do Norte.
Realização: Investigations et Enquêtes
Nota: para ver em Português, clicar em definições.
Labels:
Comunismo,
Coreia do Norte,
Demagogia,
Ditadura Militar,
Documentário,
Energia Nuclear,
Guns,
IAEA,
IEEFA,
IRSN,
Kim Jong-un,
Marxismo,
Propaganda,
TNP,
WISE,
WNISR
sexta-feira, 5 de dezembro de 2014
O Comunicado do MNE da Ucrânia por ocasião do 20º aniversário da assinatura do Memorando de Budapeste

sexta-feira, 12 de maio de 2006
Dossiê Não ao Nuclear
ATENÇÃO © Copyleft - Permito a livre reprodução exclusivamente para fins não comerciais e desde que o autor e o BioTerra sejam citados
Não esqueças de visitar regularmente este espaço para manteres-te actualizado
Dedico este Dossier ao grande pensador e humanista que foi Vitorino Nemésio.
Precisamente em 1976, Vitorino Nemésio escreveu ERA DO ÁTOMO - CRISE DO HOMEM, um livrinho de pouco mais de 144 páginas (ed. Bertrand), onde ele disserta e faz reflexões importantíssimas e actuais sobre o nuclear .
30 anos depois é um livro para (re)ler e perguntarmo-nos se vale a pena insistir na Revolução Nuclear , com a Poluição Radioactiva, a Proliferação de Armas Nucleares e de Guerra, além de outros perigos a ela associada ou pelo contrário avançarmos com mais firmeza e convicção (pois também temos as tecnologias) em direcção a uma Revolução Pós-Tecnológica Verde e de Paz....
Neste dossier só podia e devia incluir também (e contra o esquecimento) este poema-protesto Cão Atómico
Prémios
Abolition 2000
ACRO
Alliance for Nuclear Accountability
Beyond Nuclear
Instituições
Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)
Institute for Environmental and Energy Research (IEER)
Institute for Environmental and Energy Research (IEER)
SGS -Princeton University’s Program on Science and Global Security
Public Citizen Critical Mass Energy and Environment Program
Public Citizen Critical Mass Energy and Environment Program
UNSCEAR - U.N. Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
Western States Legal Foundation
WISE
Western States Legal Foundation
WISE
Academia
Tratados || Memorandos || Projectos
Atomic Energy CommissionUS-Romania Agreement on Deployment of US Ballistic Missile Defense System in Romania
The Political, Intellectual and Strategic Roots of the Current United States Defense Policy
1958 Tratado EURATOM
The Political, Intellectual and Strategic Roots of the Current United States Defense Policy
1958 Tratado EURATOM
1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty
1968 Treaty to Ban Nuclear Weapons in Latin America
1970 Tratado de não Proliferação das Armas Nucleares (TNP)
1968 Treaty to Ban Nuclear Weapons in Latin America
1970 Tratado de não Proliferação das Armas Nucleares (TNP)
1973 Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union
1980 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials
1986 South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone
1987 Intermediate Nuclear Weapons Treaty
1980 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials
1986 South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone
1987 Intermediate Nuclear Weapons Treaty
1987 Tratado de Forças Nucleares de Alcance Intermediário
1990 Underground Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
1991 START Treaty
1993 Guidelines for Nuclear Transfers1990 Underground Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
1991 START Treaty
1994 Convention on Nuclear Safety
1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Annex
2002 SORT Treaty
Leituras || Artigos
22 sérios acidentes nucleares
Biografias da Era Nuclear
Calendário de Acidentes Nucleares (até 1996)
Don´t Nuke Iran
Facts on Nuclear Energy
If you can't clean it up, don't use it.
1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Annex
2002 SORT Treaty
Leituras || Artigos
22 sérios acidentes nucleares
Biografias da Era Nuclear
Calendário de Acidentes Nucleares (até 1996)
Don´t Nuke Iran
Facts on Nuclear Energy
La fin du monde est impensable?
Le dossier de Greenpeace sur l’EPR
Le réacteur nucléaire EPR : un projet inutile et dangereux
Le bombardement du cytoplasme peut induire des mutations de l'ADN nucléaire
Lung cancer epidemic from DU has begun in US
Le dossier de Greenpeace sur l’EPR
Le réacteur nucléaire EPR : un projet inutile et dangereux
Le bombardement du cytoplasme peut induire des mutations de l'ADN nucléaire
Lung cancer epidemic from DU has begun in US
L'uranio impoverito resterà in Iraq per generazioni
Mais apresentações sobre a problemática do Tritium
Managing Spent Fuel Report
Jogos || Recursos Educativos
"1945-1998" instalação por Isao Hashimoto
Duke Anti-Nuke
Documentários
A Era da Estupidez (2009)
Beyond Treason
Mais apresentações sobre a problemática do Tritium
Managing Spent Fuel Report
Nuclear power plant accidents: listed and ranked since 1952
Radioactive Leaks Found At Reactors
Over 2020 Mayors demand ban of all nuclear weapons by 2020
Planet Earth As Weapon and Target
Sair do Nuclear é possível!Textos e artigos vários
The Effects of Nuclear Weapons Health and Environment
Un courant alternatif pour le Grand Ouest
Radioactive Leaks Found At Reactors
Over 2020 Mayors demand ban of all nuclear weapons by 2020
Planet Earth As Weapon and Target
Sair do Nuclear é possível!Textos e artigos vários
The Effects of Nuclear Weapons Health and Environment
Un courant alternatif pour le Grand Ouest
Relatórios
World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2021"1945-1998" instalação por Isao Hashimoto
Duke Anti-Nuke
A Era da Estupidez (2009)
Beyond Treason
Revista da Morte
The Battle of Chernobyl
The Invisible War: Depleted Uranium and the Politics of Radiation
The Battle of Chernobyl
The Invisible War: Depleted Uranium and the Politics of Radiation
OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (pró-nuclear)
SFEN org - videos (pró-nuclear)
Jornais
Pensadores || Investigadores || Activistas
Amory Lovins
Amory Lovins
Concepcion Picciotto (homenagem)
Mark Lynas (pró-nuclear)
Agenda 2030
Alterações Climáticas
Economia
Educação Ambiental
Globalização
Justiça
Lixo Zero
Paz e Não-Violência
Política
Sustentabilidade
Blogues
A Ciência Não É Neutra (pró-nuclear)
Anti-Nuclear (Australia)
Alterações Climáticas
Economia
Educação Ambiental
Globalização
Justiça
Lixo Zero
Paz e Não-Violência
Política
Sustentabilidade
A Ciência Não É Neutra (pró-nuclear)
Anti-Nuclear (Australia)
Eco-Tretas (pró-nuclear)
Urânio em Nisa, Não
Doug Rokke, 2000
NOVA ATENÇÃO © COPYRIGHT- Ao partilhar, agradeço atempadamente a indicação do autor e do meu blogue Bioterra. Estes dossiês resultam de um apurado trabalho de pesquisa, selecção de qualidade e organização.
Labels:
Base de Dados,
Blogosfera,
Documentário,
Dossiê,
Economia,
Energia Nuclear,
Jogos,
Livro,
Minha Reflexão,
OMS,
ONG,
Saúde Ambiental,
Segurança,
TNP,
Tratado,
Urânio,
WISE,
WNISR
segunda-feira, 10 de outubro de 2005
Agência Internacional de Energia Atómica - Prémio Nobel da Paz (?)
Indignado, triste e ainda mais zangado pela previsibilidade desta nomeação e porque mais uma vez os políticos modernos paulatinamente utilizam as opções difusas/confusas de forma sistemática para abrir caminho aos senhores da guerra e de lobbies economicistas e belicistas...
Temos que manter a lucidez muito firme...
A AIEA (Agência Internacional da Energia Atómica) é superdependente das decisões do eixo Europa/Estados Unidos da América...não tem feito cumprir os tratados de não-proliferação...
Este ano havia personalidades e organizações tão excelentes cuja eleição iria concerteza dinamizar ou polarizar o globo em questões prementes para resolver e com ideias verdadeiramente promotoras da Paz, destacando:
- Bono e Geldof com a campanha acabar com a pobreza;
- e a ONG 1000 Mulheres para a Paz, em que estava incluída a portuguesa Inês Continha, directora da Associação O Ninho, entre outros...
Querem falar do Irão e da Coreia...A memória é curta ....Não esquecer que há pouco menos de 10 anos,Fernando Pereira (ver post no Bioterra data de 12 de Julho) foi morto num atentado contra a Greenpeace, exactamente por experiências nucleares feitas pela França....
Quanto ao novo paradigma energético global, a solução energética pelo nuclear é tão péssima, mas tão péssima, que ainda é pior que os fósseis...
E como podem ver aqui no Bioterra tenho posto em consideração várias alternativas...todas verdadeiramente sustentáveis e de grande esperança num mundo que não é para ser vivido e consumido apenas hoje....
Subscrever:
Mensagens (Atom)

.jpg)


