Documentário: Colapso - Extinção humana a curto prazo?

A espécie Homo sapiens evoluiu há cerca de 300.000 anos e passou a dominar a Terra de maneira diferente de qualquer espécie anterior. Mas quanto tempo os humanos podem durar?

Eventualmente, os humanos serão extintos. Na estimativa mais otimista, nossa espécie durará talvez mais um bilhão de anos, mas terminará quando o envelope de expansão do sol aumentar e aquecer o planeta a um estado semelhante ao de Vénus .

Mas um bilhão de anos é muito tempo. Há um bilião de anos, a vida na Terra consistia em micróbios. A vida multicelular não apareceu até cerca de 600 milhões de anos atrás, quando as esponjas proliferaram. Como será a vida daqui a um bilhão de anos é uma incógnita, embora um estudo de modelagem publicado em 2021 na Nature Geoscience sugira que a atmosfera da Terra conterá muito pouco oxigénio até então, tornando provável que os micróbios anaeróbicos, em vez dos humanos, sejam os últimos terráqueos vivos.

Se sobreviver para ver o sol fritar a Terra é um tiro no escuro, quando a humanidade provavelmente encontrará seu destino? Paleontologicamente, as espécies de mamíferos geralmente persistem por cerca de um milhão de anos, diz Henry Gee, paleontólogo e editor sénior da revista Nature , que está a trabalhar em um livro sobre a extinção dos humanos. Isso colocaria a espécie humana na sua juventude. Mas Gee não acredita que essas regras se apliquem necessariamente ao H. sapiens.

“Os humanos são uma espécie bastante excepcional”, diz ele. “Podemos durar milhões de anos, ou podemos todos cair na próxima semana.”

Oportunidades para o dia do juízo final são abundantes. Os seres humanos podem ser exterminados por um ataque catastrófico de asteroides , cometer autodestruição com uma guerra nuclear mundial ou sucumbir à devastação causada pela emergência climática . Mas os humanos são um bando resistente, então o cenário mais provável envolve uma combinação de catástrofes que podem nos exterminar completamente.

Escolha o seu veneno

Alguns assassinos de espécies estão fora de nosso controle. Num artigo de 2021 na revista Icarus , por exemplo, os pesquisadores descrevem como asteróides comparáveis ​​àquele de 10 a 15 quilómetros de diâmetro que matou os dinossauros não-aviários atingem a Terra aproximadamente a cada 250 milhões a 500 milhões de anos. Num artigo pré-impresso publicado no servidor arXiv.org, os físicos Philip Lubin e Alexander Cohen calculam que a humanidade teria a capacidade de se salvar de um asteróide do tamanho de um dino-killer, dado um aviso de seis meses e um arsenal de penetradores nucleares para explodir a rocha espacial em uma nuvem de seixos inofensivos. Com menos aviso ou um asteroide maior, Lubin e Cohen sugerem que a humanidade deveria desistir e “festejar” ou “se mudar para Marte ou para a Lua para festejar”. Atualmente, o maior asteróide que os cientistas conhecem com o potencial de atingir a Terra é chamado (29075) 1950 DA. Tem apenas 1.300 metros de diâmetro e uma chance em 50.000 de atingir nosso mundo em março de 2880, de acordo com uma análise de risco de 2022 da Agência Espacial Europeia .

Deixando de lado as rochas espaciais, muitas ameaças à humanidade são de nossa própria autoria: guerra nuclear, emergência climática, colapso ecológico. Nossa própria tecnologia pode acabar conosco na forma de inteligência artificial senciente que decide extinguir seus criadores, como sugeriram alguns críticos da IA.

Uma guerra nuclear total poderia facilmente destruir a humanidade, diz François Diaz-Maurin, editor associado de assuntos nucleares do Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. A última vez que os humanos lançaram bombas nucleares uns sobre os outros, apenas um país, os EUA, tinha ogivas nucleares, então não havia risco de retaliação nuclear. Não é o caso hoje – e as bombas são muito maiores. Essas bombas, que atingiram as cidades japonesas de Hiroshima e Nagasaki em 1945, continham o equivalente a 15 e 21 quilotons de TNT, respectivamente. Juntos, eles mataram cerca de 110.000 a 210.000 pessoas. Uma única arma nuclear moderna de 300 quilotons lançada sobre a cidade de Nova York, por exemplo, mataria um milhão de pessoas em 24 horas, diz Diaz-Maurin. Uma guerra nuclear regional, como a entre a Índia e o Paquistão, poderia matar 27 milhões de pessoas no curto prazo, enquanto uma guerra nuclear em grande escala entre os EUA e a Rússia poderia causar cerca de 360 ​​milhões de mortes diretas, acrescenta.

A ameaça à própria existência da humanidade viria depois da guerra, quando a fuligem dos grandes incêndios provocados pelos bombardeios alteraria rapidamente o clima em um cenário conhecido como inverno nuclear. O medo de um inverno nuclear pode ter diminuído desde o fim da Guerra Fria, diz Diaz-Maurin, mas pesquisas mostram que as consequências ambientais seriam graves. Mesmo uma guerra nuclear regional danificaria a camada de ozônio, bloquearia a luz solar e reduziria a precipitação globalmente. O resultado seria uma fome global que poderia matar mais de cinco bilhões de pessoas em apenas dois anos, dependendo do tamanho e do número de detonações.

A morte por contaminação ecológica ou pela emergência climática seria mais lenta, mas ainda dentro do possível. Os humanos já estão enfrentando estressores de saúde devido à poluição crônica que foi exacerbada pelo calor adicional trazido pela mudança climática, diz Maureen Lichtveld, reitora da Escola de Saúde Pública da Universidade de Pittsburgh. Temperaturas mais altas forçam as pessoas a respirar mais rapidamente para dissipar o calor, o que atrai mais poluição para os pulmões. A emergência climática também aprofunda os problemas existentes em torno da segurança alimentar – por exemplo, secas persistentes podem devastar plantações – e doenças infecciosas. “A interconexão das mudanças climáticas e as desigualdades e desigualdades na saúde em geral é o que está afetando nossa população global”, diz Lichtveld.

Hiroshima e Nagasaki, 6 e 9 de Agosto de 1945, por Sophia Mello Breyner

• Todas as postagens sobre o sucedido em Hiroshima e Nagasaki no BioTerra
• Ver  ainda Dossier Bioterra Não ao Nuclear

Vemos, ouvimos e lemos
Não podemos ignorar
Vemos, ouvimos e lemos
Não podemos ignorar

Vemos, ouvimos e lemos
Relatórios da fome
O caminho da injustiça
A linguagem do terror

A bomba de Hiroshima
Vergonha de nós todos
Reduziu a cinzas
A carne das crianças

D’África e Vietname
Sobe a lamentação
Dos povos destruídos
Dos povos destroçados

Nada pode apagar

O concerto dos gritos
O nosso tempo é
Pecado organizado

Não Mais Hiroshimas: Godspeed You! Black Emperor - Rockets Fall on Rocket Falls

Tentar pensar nas atrocidades cometidas durante o século XX como momentos de desrazão, como formas de inumanidade, é esquecer que a ciência e a razão estão ao serviço de políticas que muito facilmente podem perpetrar aquilo a que por ingenuidade chamamos desumano. O uso sábio da ciência, da tecnologia e da razão não se faz sem a memória da fina inteligência posta ao serviço da bomba atómica, ou sem memória do dispositivo intelectual e científico em que o nazismo se ancorou. 

Publicado no Aparelho de Estado

65 anos depois:: Irão/Coreia Norte/ EUA/ Europa/ NATO :: não mais Hiroshimas

Calendário de Acidentes Nucleares (até 1996)

Arquivo da Greenpeace
Todas as postagens sobre o sucedido em Hiroshima e Nagasaki no BioTerra
Ver  ainda Dossier Bioterra Não ao Nuclear

Painting: Melancholy, Atomic, Uranic Idyll, Salvador Dalí, oil on canvas (1945)

Below is a calendar that shows the threat that humanity faces from the atom bomb and the nuclear fuel cycle. This calendar gives some examples of the everyday nuclear incidents that have occurred all over the world. It demonstrates how technological failures coupled with human error risk public health and the environment on an almost daily basis.

January
1-1992: Four tons of heavy water spilt at Rajasthan nuclear power plant (India)
2-1993: Leak at Kozloduy nuclear power plant, release of radioactive steam (Bulgaria)
31961: Explosion in reactor Idaho Falls (USA); three people killed
4-1965: 6.5 kg plutonium sludge released from Savannah River reprocessing plant (USA)
5-1976: Two workers killed by radioactive carbon dioxide at Bohunice nuclear power plant (Slovakia)
6-1981: Accident at La Hague reprocessing plant (France)
7-1974: Explosion at Leningrad nuclear power plant (Russia)
8-1975: Release of radioactivity from Mihama nuclear power plant (Japan)
9-1993: Radioactive release from leaking fuel rods at Perry nuclear power plant (USA)
10-1987: Nuclear transport accident in the UK
11-1985: In Heilbronn (Germany), a Pershing-II nuclear missile catches fire, three people killed
12-1960: Technicians trying to restart a reactor at Savannah River reprocessing plant almost send it out of control (USA)
13-1964: A B-52 plane crashes with nuclear bombs on board in Maryland (USA)
14-1969: USS Enterprise, nuclear aircraft-carrier, suffers fires and explosions, killing 28 crew members
15-1990: Loss of offsite power with multiple equipment failures at Dresden nuclear power plant (USA)
17-1966: A B-52 plane crashes in Spain causing plutonium contamination
18-1989: Eight workers are contaminated at Savannah River reprocessing plant (USA)
19-1992: Radioactive leak, reactor shut-down at Kola nuclear power plant (Russia)
20-1993: Technical failure at Paluel causes subcooling accident (France)
21-1969: Technical failure at Swiss experimental nuclear reactor causes release of radioactive water
22-1992: Technical failure in shut-down system at Balakovo nuclear power plant (Russia)
23- 1978: Radioactive helium released from Colorado reactor (USA)
24-1978: Soviet nuclear-powered satellite Cosmos-954 crashes in Canada
25-1982: Steam generator ruptures at R.E. Ginna nuclear power plant (USA)
26-1988: Dangerous temperature rise in a nuclear reactor on board a British submarine
27-1992: Leak causes a shut-down at Darlington nuclear power plant (Canada)
28-1990: Pump failure during a shut-down at Gravelines nuclear power plant (France)
29-1961: A B-52 plane carrying nuclear bombs crashes, the bombs do not explode but three of the eight crew members are killed (USA)
31-1996: Leakage of radiation due to human error and technical failure at Dimitrovgrad nuclear research centre (Russia)

February
1-1982: Release of 100 cubic metres of radioactive water from Salem nuclear power plant (USA)
2-1993: Breakdown of cooling system for two hours at Kola nuclear power plant (Russia)
3-1992: Failure of cooling pumps at Kozloduy nuclear power plant (Bulgaria)
5-1986: "Amber alert" (indicating an emergency in one building and a threat to the rest of the plant)" at Sellafield reprocessing plant, UK
6-1974: Explosion and radiation leak at Leningrad nuclear power plant, three people killed (Russia)
8-1991: Release of radioactivity from Fukui nuclear power plant (Japan)
9-1991: Rupture of steam generator pipe causes release of radioactivity at Mihama nuclear power plant (Japan)
10-1992: Technical failure in pump system at Zaporozhe nuclear power plant (Ukraine)
11-1986: Release of 13 tonnes of radioactive carbon dioxide from Transfynydd nuclear power plant (UK)
12-1968: A B-52 plane with nuclear bombs on board crashes near Toronto (Canada)
13-1960: First French nuclear test
15-1993: Spillage of 18,000 litres of heavy water at Darlington nuclear power plant (Canada)
16-1973: Container filled with Cobalt-60 lost in the North Sea
17-1984: Accident at Kozloduy nuclear power plant (Bulgaria)
18-1988: Report of core melt in the nuclear reactor of the Soviet Ice-Breaker "Rossiya"
19-1986: Three workers suffer contamination at the Sellafield reprocessing plant (UK)
20-1990: Eight employees receive radiation exposure at Point Lepreau (Canada)
21-1976: Accident at Bohunice nuclear power plant (Slovakia)
22-1993: High pressure steam accident kills one worker and injures two others at Fukushima nuclear power plant (Japan)
23-1981: Accidental explosion of a Pershing-II missile in Germany
24-1972: Accident on board Soviet nuclear-powered submarine causes vessel to lose all power
25-1983: Failure of automatic shut-down at Salem nuclear power plant (USA)
26-1988: Increased levels of radioactivity at Bohunice nuclear power plant (Slovakia)
27-1983: Nuclear powered satellite falls into the Indian Ocean
28-1992: Software failure in the control computer at Embalse nuclear power plant (Argentina)

March
1-1954: Fall-out of US nuclear weapons test "Bravo" contaminates the inhabitants of the Pacific island of Rongelap.
2-1994: Breakdown of cooling system at Kola nuclear power plant (Russia)
3-1992: Technical failure at Novovoronezh nuclear power plant (Russia)
4-1977: Kozloduy nuclear power plant affected by an earthquake (Bulgaria)
6-1985: Emergency cooling system out of order at the Grohnde nuclear power plant (Germany)
8-1972: Radioactive water has to be pumped out of the Indian Point nuclear power plant (USA)
9-1992: Fire at Kola nuclear power plant (Russia)
10-1956: A B-47 plane disappears with nuclear weapons on board in the Atlantic Ocean
11-1958: A B-47 plane loses nuclear bomb in South Carolina (USA)
12-1981: Tornado washes nuclear waste from Moruroa into the lagoon (Pacific)
13-1986: US nuclear submarine runs aground and suffers damage
14-1961: A B-52 plane crashes with nuclear bombs on board in California (USA)
15-1989: Technical failure of fuel roads at Pickering nuclear power plant (Canada)
17-1984: Emergency cooling system at San Onofere nuclear power plant fails (USA)
18-1987: Fire and release of radioactivity at Australian nuclear research facility
20-1977: Temperature increase at Rancho Seco nuclear power plant (USA)
21-1984: Soviet nuclear submarine collides with US aircraft carrier "Kitty Hawk"
22-1975: Fire in reactor at Browns Ferry nuclear power plant (USA)
24-1992: Incident with radiation leakage, shut-down of reactor at Leningrad nuclear power plant (Russia)
25-1992: Technical failure at Leningrad nuclear power plant (Russia)
26-1991: Refuelling accident at Wuergassen nuclear power plant (Germany)
28-1979: Partial core meltdown at Three Mile Island nuclear power plant (USA)
29-1992: Failure of shut-down system at Ignalina nuclear power plant (Lithuania)
31-1992: Automatic shut-down due to failure of pump system at Kalinin nuclear power plant (Russia)

April
1-1989: Control rod failure at Gravelines nuclear power plant (France)
2-1979: Two workers suffer radioactive contamination at Tokaimura nuclear complex (Japan)
3-1960: Melting of fuel elements cause a release of radioactivity at the Test Reactor at Waltz Mills (USA)
6-1993: Explosion at the Tomsk-7 nuclear complex (Russia)
7-1992: Failure of automatic shut-down system at Novovoronezh nuclear power plant (Russia)
8-1989: Soviet nuclear submarine "Komsomolets" sinks off Norway
9-1981: US-nuclear submarine "George Washington" crashes against a freighter ship
10-1963: US-nuclear submarine sinks with 123 crew members in the Atlantic
11-1950: A B-29 plane crashes in New Mexico, thirteen people killed.
12-1970: Soviet nuclear submarine sinks in the Atlantic
13-1979: Fire in the generator of the Baersbeck nuclear power plant (Sweden)
14-1970: Soviet nuclear submarine sinks with 52 crew members in Indian ocean
15-1983: Incident at Turkey Point nuclear power plant (USA)
16-1992: Technical failure of reactor shut-down system at Kola nuclear power plant (Russia)
17-1970: Incident involving a vehicle at a French nuclear test site in the South Pacific causes a plutonium spillage into the ocean.
18-1992: Technical failure during refuelling at Kola nuclear power plant (Russia)
19-1984: Technical failure at Sequoyah nuclear power plant causes spillage of radioactive coolant water. (USA)
20-1973: Thousands of cubic meters of radioactive waste flow out of Hanford nuclear weapons complex (USA)
21-1964: US-satellite disperses 1.2.kg plutonium into the atmosphere.
22-1983: Reactor shut-down due to failure of fuel rods at Kursk nuclear power plant (Russia)
23-1991: Lost of offsite power cause technical failure at "Vermont Yankee" nuclear submarine (USA)
25-1990: Flooding of building due to increase of coolant level at Bohunice nuclear power plant (Slovakia)
26-1986: Explosion of reactor 4 at Chernobyl nuclear power plant; the worst civilian nuclear accident to date.
28-1988: Release of 5000 Curies of tritium gas from the Bruyere le Chatel military nuclear complex (France)
29-1986: US-nuclear submarine "Atlanta" hits the ground off Gibralta
30-1992: Breakdown of cooling system at Novovoronezh nuclear power plant (Russia)

May
1-1992: Technical failure at Ignalina nuclear power plant (Lithuania)
2-1979: Technical fault at the Oyster Creek nuclear power plant triggers emergency shut-down (USA)
3-1974: Leakage at Hanford nuclear weapons complex (USA)
4-1986: Release of radiation from Hamm-Uentrop nuclear power plant (Germany)
5-1987: Pershing nuclear missile ends up in a ditch after a transport accident at Heilbronn (Germany)
6-1989: Fire of pump equipment at Bohunice nuclear power plant (Slovakia)
7-1992: Failure of emergency system at Smolensk nuclear power plant (Russia)
8-1964: First Chinese nuclear test
9-1992: Technical failure of cooling system at Hatch nuclear power plant (USA)
10-1965: Release of eight cubic metres of cooling water from Savannah River reprocessing plant (USA)
11-1969: Fire at Rocky Flats nuclear weapons plant causes plutonium to spontaneously ignite. (USA)
12-1984: Uncontrolled power surge at Bohunice nuclear power plant (Slovakia)
13-1992: Tube leak causes a radioactive release of 12 Curies of radioactivity from Tarapur nuclear power station (India)
14-1986: The power lines to the Palo Verde nuclear power plant are sabotaged (USA)
16-1992: Reactor shut-down at Kola nuclear power plant (Russia)
17-1984: Fire on board the US-nuclear submarine "Guitarro"
18-1968: Accident during launch of US satellite, radioactive materials fall into ocean near Califiornia coast
20-1974: First Indian nuclear test
21-1968: US-nuclear submarine "Scorpion" sinks off the Acores, 99 people die
22-1957: Human error causes a B-36 plane to release a nuclear bomb in New Mexico
23-1958: Accident and release of radioactivity at the Chalk River experimental reactor (Canada)
24-1968: Incident on board of Soviet nuclear submarine "K- 27", 5 crew members killed by radiation release
26-1990: During refuelling, five cubic meters of radioactive water spilled at the Fessenheim nuclear power plant (France)
27-1993: Reactor shut-down due to breakdown of cooling system at Kola nuclear power plant (Russia)
28-1970: Collision of the US-nuclear submarine "Daniel Boone"

June
1-1991: Failure of core cooling system at Belleville nuclear power plant (France)
2-1992: Total failure of centralised control system at the Smolensk nuclear power plant (Russia)
3-1980: Computer fault causes full-scale alert for US Military Strategic Command
4-1989: Fire in the cables of the cooling pumps at the Bohunice nuclear power plant (Slovakia)
5-1989:
6-1994: Fire at Beloyarsk nuclear power plant (Russia)
7-1960: Fire in a BOMARC-rocket in New Jersey causes plutonium release into the atmosphere (USA)
8-1992: Failure of cooling system at Kola nuclear power plant (Russia)
9-1985: Malfunction in the cooling system at Davis Blesse nuclear power plant (USA)
10-1985: Collision of a British nuclear submarine off the coast of Florida (USA)
11-1989: Spent fuel element dropped in the storage pool and damaged at Kruemmel nuclear power plant (Germany)
15-1992: Technical failure at Sizewell nuclear power plant (UK)
16-1988: Technical failure at Zorita nuclear power plant (Spain)
17-1967: First Chinese hydrogen nuclear bomb test
18-1978: Release of two tons of radioactive steam from Brunsbuettel nuclear power plant (Germany)
19-1992: Leak in pipe conducting sea water to cooling system at Leningrad nuclear power plant (Russia)
20-1985 Collision of two trucks carrying nuclear bombs in Scotland (UK)
23-1986: Twelve people receive `slight' plutonium contamination while inspecting a store room at Tokaimura nuclear complex (Japan)
24-1992: Technical failure of control system at Leningrad nuclear power plant (Russia)
26-1989: Fire and reactor damage in a Soviet submarine
27-1985: Explosion and steam leakage killed 14 workers at Balakovo nuclear power plant (Russia)
28-
29-1991: Power limited due to error between actual and indicated power at Pickering nuclear power plant(Canada).
30-1983: Total loss of coolant at Embalse nuclear power plant (Argentina)

July
1-1983: Technical failure causes release of Iodine-131 from Phillipsburg nuclear power plant (Germany)
2-1966: French nuclear testing in the South Pacific begins 3-1981: Fire at North Anna nuclear power plant (USA)
4-1961: Incident on board of Soviet nuclear submarine "K- 19", radiation release kills 9 crew members
6-1959: US plane carrying nuclear weapons crashes and catches on fire
9-1991: Flaw in cooling system at Wurgassen nuclear power plant (Russia)
10-1991: Leakage of radiation at Bilibino nuclear power plant (Russia)
12-1993: Failure of control system at Susquehanna nuclear power plant (USA)
14-1992: Reactor shut-down due to failure of cooling system at Novovoronezh nuclear power plant (Russia)
16-1945: First explosion of a nuclear bomb ("Trinity") in New Mexico (USA)
17-1991: Reactor shut-down due to break of control system at Sendai nuclear power plant (Japan)
18-1991: Steam leakage causes reactor shut-down at Paks nuclear power plant (Hungary)
20-1992: Leakage of radiation due to breakdown of cooling system at Ignalina nuclear power plant (Lithuania)
22-1992: Two workers contaminated at Dampierre nuclear power plant (France)
24-1989: Refuelling accident at Isar nuclear power plant (Germany)
25-1946: US nuclear test "Baker" causes unexpected plutonium contamination on target vessels
26-1992: Temperature rise in storage pool at Gravelines nuclear power plant (France)
27-1956: US plane crashes into nuclear ammunition storage in the UK
28-1957: US plane loses two nuclear bombs in the Atlantic
30-1986: Human error causes the nuclear warhead to be knocked off a Pershing rocket (Germany)
31-1993: Refuelling machine malfunctions at the Wylfa nuclear power plant (UK)

August
1-1983: An engineer receives a fatal radiation dose at a research reactor in Argentina
2-1987: Elevated radiation level after Soviet nuclear test
3-1983: Argentinean engineer dies from radiation dose received two days earlier
5-1950: B-29 plane with nuclear weapons on board crashes; 19 people killed (USA)
6-1945: Nuclear bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima
9-1945: Nuclear bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki
10-1985: Explosion on board a Soviet nuclear submarine
11-1988: Damage detected at Atucha nuclear power plant (Argentina)
14-1989: Instrumentation and control failure at Grand Gulf nuclear power plant (USA)
16-1991: Eight control rods show delays in emergency shut- down insertion time at Millstone Point nuclear power plant (USA)
17-1991: Automatic shut-down due to technical problems at Sendai nuclear power plant (Japan)
18-1953: First explosion of Soviet hydrogen bomb
19-1986: Flooding at the Cattenom nuclear power plant (France)
20-1974 Incident at Beznau nuclear power plant (Switzerland)
21-1980: Accident on board Soviet nuclear submarine, believed to kill at least nine crew members
22-1992: Failure of shut-down system at Novovoronezh nuclear power plant (Russia)
25-1984: French freighter sinks in the English Channel with 375 tonnes of uraniumhexafluoride on board
26-1989: Technical failure at Ignalina nuclear power plant (Lithuania)
27-1990: Cable fire causes loss of control of the position of control rods at Chernobyl nuclear power plant (Ukraine)
28-1992: Fire in electro-generator at St.Alban nuclear power plant (France)
29-1949: First explosion of Soviet atomic bomb
30-1985: Fire in a barrel of radioactive waste at Karlsruhe nuclear complex (Germany)
31-1985: Fire at Fukushima nuclear power plant during routine shut-down (Japan)

September
1-1993: Fire at Balakovo nuclear power plant (Russia)
3-1974: Release of radioactive water at Los Alamos nuclear weapons Laboratory (USA)
4-1988: Fire at Perry nuclear power plant (USA)
5-1988: Fire at Ignalina nuclear power plant (Lithuania)
6-1991: Incident and steam leak during refueling at Barsebeck nuclear power plant (Sweden)
9-1989: Control rod failure at Olkiluoto nuclear power plant (Finland)
11-1957: 15 kgs of plutonium catch fire at Rocky Flats nuclear weapons complex (USA)
12-1992: Leakage of radioactive water at Kola nuclear power plant (Russia)
13-1987: 249 people are contaminated in Brazil, due to handling discarded nuclear medical equipment, four people subsequently die
14-1991: Leakage at Kozloduy nuclear power plant (Bulgaria)
15-1986: Fire on board a US plane carrying nuclear weapons
16-1990: Superphenix Fast Breeder Reactor is closed down due to technical failures (France)
17-1988: Nuclear weapons convoy road accident kills one person (UK)
18-1988: Technical failure at Stade nuclear power plant (Germany)
19-1984: Collision of a Soviet nuclear submarine
20-1977: US-nuclear submarine "Ray" hits the sea-bed, three crew members are injured
21-1989: Manual shut-down of WNP nuclear power plant (USA)
22-1980: Pump failure causes accidental release of radioactive water at La Hague reprocessing plant (France)
23-1969: Radioactive contamination of atmosphere during the unsuccessful launch of a Soviet spaceship.
24-1973: 35 workers at the Sellafield reprocessing plant are contaminated following a technical failure (UK)
25-1955: First Soviet underwater nuclear explosion near Novaya Zemlya (Arctic Ocean)
27-1974: Soviet nuclear-capable destroyer sinks in the Black Sea
28-1990: Cables for reactor control and protection system supply overheat at Bohunice nuclear power plant (Slovakia)
29-1957: Thousands of square miles contaminated by accident at the Chelyabinsk nuclear complex (Russia)
30-1990: Failure of reactor core cooling system at Palisades nuclear power plant (USA)

October
1-1983: Technical failure and human error cause accident at Blayas nuclear power plant(France)
2-1968: Leakage at La Hague reprocessing plant (France) 3-1952: First UK nuclear test
4-1981: Release of 300-times the normal discharge level of Iodine-131 at Sellafield reprocessing plant (UK)
5-1966: Partial core meltdown at the Fermi fast breeder reactor (USA)
6-1986: Soviet nuclear submarine sinks off the coast of Bermuda
7-1984: Emergency shut-down of Paks nuclear power plant (Hungary)
8-1985: Accidental radioactive release into the sea from Hinkley Point nuclear power station (UK)
9-1991: Technical failure at Yugno-Ukrainskaya nuclear power plant (Ukraine)
10-1957: Three tonnes of uranium catch fire at the Windscale reprocessing plant (now Sellafield UK)
11-1957: US nuclear bomber crashes in Florida and catches fire
13-1977: Sea water runs into the cooling circuit of Hunterston nuclear power plant (UK)
14-1953: Fall-out from British nuclear test "Totem" contaminates Aborigines in the Australian desert
15-1988: French officials carry out an experiment to test the effects of releasing 7000 Curies of radioactivity
16-1964: First Chinese nuclear test
17-1969: Fuel elements melt at St Laurent des Eaux nuclear power plant (France)
18-1991: Technical failure at Zaporozhe nuclear power plant (Ukraine)
19-1991: Offsite power failure at Smolensk nuclear power plant (Russia)
21-1991: Fire on board "Sceptre" nuclear submarine in Scotland
22-1993: Instrumentation and Control failure at Saint Alban nuclear power plant (France)
23-1989: Failure of core cooling system at Dresdan nuclear power plant (USA)
25-1991: Failure of shut-down system during refuelling at Novovoronezh nuclear power plant (Russia)
26-1991: Incident during refueling at Vogtle nuclear power plant (USA)
27-1991: Technical failure of shut-down system at Zaporozhe nuclear power plant (Ukraine)
29-1991: Technical failure causes automatic shut-down at Kalinin nuclear power plant (Russia)
30-1991:
31-1986: US-nuclear submarine "Augusta" involved in collision

November
1-1992: Cracks in cooling system equipment at Brunsbuttel nuclear power plant (Germany)
2-1982: Nuclear missile transporter crashes killing one person and injuring two others (Germany)
3-1990: Failure of core cooling equipment at Doel nuclear power plant (Belgium)
4-1970: Explosion on board a nuclear-capable US-destroyer kills two sailors
5-1967: UK nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine `HMS Repulse' runs aground 30 minutes after its launch
7-1967: Release of radioactivity at Grenoble nuclear power plant (France)
9-1955: Core meltdown at EBR fast breeder reactor (USA)
11-1988: Accident during refueling on board of Soviet nuclear powered ice-breaker "Lenin"
12-1993: London Convention bans the dumping of nuclear waste into the sea
13-1974: Karen Silkwood, a worker at a US nuclear plant, dies mysteriously on her way to hand important documents to a Trade Union Official and a journalist
14-1989: Breakdown of fuel rod control system at Oconee nuclear power plant (USA)
15-1989: Fire on board US-nuclear submarine "Finback"
16-1983: Sellafield reprocessing plant discharges highly radioactive wastes directly into the sea (UK)
18-1991: Reactor shut-down due to technical failure at Balakovo nuclear power plant (Russia)
19-1980: US nuclear-missile almost launched during a drill exercise.
20-1989: Fire in turbine equipment at Kozloduy nuclear power plant (Bulgaria)
23-1991: Leak of 190,000 litres of water from cooling system, reactor shut-down at Oconee nuclear power plant (USA)
24-1989: Technical failure nearly causes core meltdown at Greifswald nuclear power plant (Germany)
25-1991: Failure of cooling system causes automatic reactor shut-down at Kursk nuclear power plant (Russia)
26-1958: B-47 plane catches fire, destroying one nuclear weapon (USA)
27-1991: Disfunction of automatic shut-down system at Bilibino nuclear power plant (Russia)
28-1991: Failure of control system causes reactor shut- down at Kursk nuclear power plant (Russia)
29-1982: US nuclear submarine collides with US-destroyer
30-1975: 1.5 million Curies released from Leningrad nuclear power plant (Russia)

December
1-1991: Technical failure at Beloyarsk nuclear power plant (Russia)
2-1949: US experiment "Green Run" contaminates communities up to 70 miles away from the Hanford nuclear weapons complex (USA)
3-1988: Explosion at the Burghfield Atomic Weapons Establishment (UK)
4-1990: 2 workers irradiated during refuelling at Blayais nuclear power plant (France)
5-1965: Plane crashes with nuclear bombs on board off the coast of Japan
6-1991: Failure of control system during refuelling causes reactor shut-down at Smolensk nuclear power plant (Russia)
7-1991: Failure of cooling system at Kola nuclear power plant (Russia)
8-1995: Fire due to leakage of sodium coolant from Monju fast breeder reactor, Japanese nuclear industry attempts to cover up full extent of accident, reactor shut-down
9-1986: Explosion at Surry nuclear power plant, four people killed (USA).
10-1991: Failure of turbo-generator causes reactor shut- down at Balakovo nuclear power plant (Russia)
11-1991: Human error causes failure of automatic reactor shut-down equipment at Kola nuclear power plant (Russia)
12-1952: World's first major nuclear reactor disaster, Chalk River experimental reactor (Canada)
13-1988: Four of the eight emergency installations discovered out of order at Brokdorf nuclear power plant (Germany)
14-1991: Technical failure causes automatic shut-down at Balakovo nuclear power plant (Russia)
15-1991: Technical failure at Kalinin nuclear power plant (Russia)
16-1991: Technical failure at Kola nuclear power plant (Russia)
17-1987: Severe incident at Biblis nuclear power plant (Germany)
18-1984: Fire at Kalinin nuclear power plant (Russia)
19-1980: Plutonium transport accident in the USA
20-1990: Control element discovered damaged at Novovoronezh nuclear power plant (Russia)
21-1991: Radiation leakage at Kolskaya nuclear power plant (Russia)
22-1987: Accidental release of 50 tonnes of water from Atucha nuclear power plant (Argentina)
23-1988: Two control rods jammed at Blayais nuclear power plant (France)
24-1991: Reactor shut-down due to technical failure at Kalinin nuclear power plant (Russia)
25-1992: Radioactive water leakage at Beloyarsk nuclear power plant (Russia)
27-1991: Automatic shut-down Balakovo nuclear power plant (Russia)
28-1990: Incident and radiation leakage at Leningrad nuclear power plant (Russia)
30-1988: Reactor shut-down due to failure of control equipment at Pilgrim nuclear power plant (USA)
31-1978: Fire and loss of reactor control, 8 workers irradiated at Beloyarsk nuclear power plant (Russia)

Outros Calendários
Nuclear power plant accidents: listed and ranked since 1952
Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents

Campanha pela Paz e Não-Violência - procuram-se activistas pela Paz e Não-Violência

Não estamos todos fartos de um mundo repleto de violência, guerra, negócios de armamento, conflitos, vítimas inocentes, intolerância e agressões?

Pois bem, o GAIA, informou já em Fevereiro deste ano, que se encontra neste momento a desenvolver uma campanha que pretende lutar pela bela utopia de um mundo onde, gradualmente, todos esses fenómenos possam ter cada vez menos espaço e, ao invés, se possam desenvolver relações e paradigmas de Paz e Não-Violência, Cooperação, Fraternidade e Igualdade entre todos os povos e nações.

É utópico? Pois bem, é da utopia que nascem as visões de um mundo melhor e da utopia que se fazem as verdadeiras (r)evoluções de mentalidades e comportamentos. Face à realidade actual, nada temos a perder em lutar pelas nossas utopias e valores primordiais da Paz e Fraternidade entre todos os seres, até porque o que podemos fazer a esse nível, se calhar, é bem mais do que possamos pensar.

Nesse sentido, o GAIA, juntamente com outras associações e iniciativas pela Paz e Não-Violência, a nível nacional (Plataforma Mahatma Gandhi) e internacional (Abolition2000) tem vindo a desenvolver a a campanha pela Paz e Não-Violência direccionada para a sensibilização sobre estas como atitude e filosofia de vida activa e para uma educação pela Paz.

Para isso, tomámos por objectivos a reflexão e proposta de actividades tendo em vista a promoção desta cultura de Paz e Não-Violência (nomeadamente questionando o militarismo), uma análise da situação portuguesa neste âmbito e uma abordagem e aprofundamento da questão da energia e armamento nuclear sob uma postura crítica e abolicionista.

Durante este ano 2006 temos planeadas diversas acções, tendo a primeira sido realizada a 30 de Novembro (Dia Internacional de Mahatma Gandhi)em conjunto com a Associação Campo Aberto, com a passagem de um filme e forum de discussão sobre as temáticas da Paz e Não-Violência, nomeadamente na linha de pensamento desse grande mentor da Paz e Não-Violência que foi Mahatma Gandhi.

Estão ainda previstas acções para:

Aniversário da Invasão do Iraque (acção de protesto contra a guerra e todas as ocupações militares)

Dia da Defesa Nacional - recruta durante Maio (acção pela não militarização dos jovens)

Dia Criança - de Junho (comemoração pela Década Internacional para uma Cultura de Paz e Não-Violência para as Crianças do Mundo - acção de valorização da Paz e Não-Violência)

Encontro Internacional da Rede Abolition 2000 (a acontecer em Agosto, na Bélgica)

Aniversário dos Bombardeamentos de Hiroshima e Nagasaqui, 6 e 9 de Agosto (acção de âmbito contra a proliferação nuclear)

Sessenta anos dos Direitos Humanos - Dezembro (acção de valorização da paz e não-violência)

Entre outras acções ainda a agendar

Qualquer ajuda em termos de activismo podem ser muito importantes e constituir um esforço muito relevante para o desenvolvimento da campanha, algumas tarefas em que essa ajuda é particularmente pertinente:

- tradução e redacção de textos

- redacção de comunicados de imprensa

- estabelecimento de contactos e divulgação na imprensa

- planeamento e realização de acções directas pela Paz e Não-Violência, podendo incluir acções pacifistas de desobediência civil

- investigação (paz, militarismo, energia e armamento nuclear, relação destas variáveis com o ambiente)

- estabelecimento de parcerias nacionais e internacionais

- trabalho gráfico e audiovisual

- apoio informático

- apoio jurídico

- disponibilização de espaços e infra-estruturas para a realização de actividades e o que mais cada um@ possa sugerir!

Tentaremos ainda desenvolver algumas acções de formação sobre as áreas em questão, apresentar e divulgar os resultados contínuos da campanha e conseguir uma articulação efectiva com outras organizações que trabalhem em prol da Paz e Não-Violência a nível nacional (Plataforma Mahatma Gandhi e outras) e internacional (nomeadamente, na campanha Abolition2000).

É também importante a criação de estruturas que capacitem a criação de um Fórum pela Paz e Não-Violência (de índole internacional, promovido por organizações nacionais) a realizar-se idealmente em Janeiro de 2007.

Nesse sentido, e se pretenderes, desde já, acompanhar as actividades no âmbito da Paz e Não-Violência e receber informações sobre futuras iniciativas podes inscrever-te na lista do Forum Mahatma Gandhi em:

Paz e Amor para tod@s tod@s os seres e nações!