Entrevista a Paul Hawken sobre o livro "Project Drawdown"

Paul Gerard Hawken é um ambientalista, empresário, autor, economista e ativista americano. Wikipedia (inglês)

Ativista dos direitos civis, trabalhou como parte da equipe da MLK em Selma, participou da organização da Marcha em Montgomery.

Trabalhou para o Congresso de Igualdade Racial no Meridian Mississippi e logo após os assassinatos do "Mississippi Burning" ele também foi capturado pelo KKK e só escapou devido à intervenção do FBI

Seu livro "Natural Capitalism" é citado por Executivos de Negócios e Políticos de todo o mundo!

Ele iniciou vários negócios de sucesso e seu livro "Growing a Business" foi televisionado e exibido em 115 países

Climate change could drive a third of parasites to extinction by 2070

Map A shows the current distribution of parasite species richness (S), while B shows the predicted change in parasite species richness by 2070 (/\S), with blue indicating a net loss of parasites and red indicating a net gain. Map C shows this change as a proportion of the parasite species richness observed today (/\S/S) Source: Carlson et al. (2017).

As many as one in three parasites could become extinct as a result of climate change by 2070, new research suggests.
This may sound like good news, but the loss of parasites could destabilise many of the world’s ecosystems, the lead author tells Carbon Brief. Parasites play a critical role in maintaining food webs and, in their absence, a diverse range of animals could be threatened with extinction.
Rising global temperatures could also drive parasites into cooler regions, such as the UK and Canada, the study finds, which will have a significant, but unpredictable, effect on the diseases they carry.
Parasites in perilParasites are organisms that live on or inside other “host” organisms, getting their food from – or at the expense of – their host. They are one of the most dominant groups of organisms in existence, representing around half of the 8.4m known species found on Earth.
The diverse group of organisms, which includes tapeworms, roundworms, ticks, lice and fleas, are notorious for spreading diseases to humans and animals.
For example, ticks are known for spreading Lyme disease, which affects people living in rural parts of Asia, much of Europe and the US, while body lice can spread typhus, which is more common in Africa, South America and Asia.
Parasites are some the most threatened species on Earth, says Colin Carlson, a graduate student at the University of California and lead author of the new Science Advances study. This is because they face a “double threat” from climate change, he tells Carbon Brief:
“They’re directly sensitive to climate change and so are their hosts. Climate change can threaten parasites in several ways. They can lose suitable habitat, become seasonally mismatched with their hosts, or lose their hosts entirely, just to name some of the big ones.”
In other words, rising temperatures can play havoc with the delicate balance that parasites have with their hosts and their habitat. For example, if the temperatures get too warm for the parasite, but their host can’t move somewhere cooler, the parasite will not survive.
In order to predict how parasites will fare under climate change, the researchers mapped out the current geographical range of 457 parasite species, Carlson explains:
“We mapped out the majority of the US National Parasite Collection, which is kept at the Smithsonian [Institution] and is an unparalleled resource for this kind of work.”
They then calculated how much range each species could lose by 2070, under various future climate change scenarios.
The majority of parasites face an “existential threat” from substantial habitat loss in a changing climate, the paper finds. Under the most optimistic scenario (RCP2.6) included in the study, which assumes that global greenhouse emissions peak by 2020 and then rapidly fall, parasites face a 20% decline in suitable habitat by 2070, compared to their current range. Under the least optimistic scenario (RCP8.5), which assumes global greenhouse emissions will continue to rise unabated, this decline increases to 37%.
Taking an average across all the scenarios, the researchers then calculated the likely parasite extinction rate. Overall, up to a third of parasite species could disappear by 2070, the study finds.
However, using an average from a range of climate scenarios isn’t an ideal way to consider future changes, notes Dr Cyril Caminade, a researcher in climate change and epidemiology from the University of Liverpool, who was not involved in the study. He tells Carbon Brief:
“Merging all RCPs [Representative Concentration Pathways] for 2070 does not make sense to me as the RCP scenarios will differ a lot at the end of the 21st century. They tend to be close to each other during the 2020s to 2030s, then they start to strongly diverge late part of the century. Looking at changes for each scenario separately provides a better idea about the scenario uncertainty.”
On the moveAlthough climate change is expected to lead to a fall in global parasite numbers, some regions could be dealt more parasites in the coming decades, Carlson says.
“One deeper point in our paper is parasites aren’t just going extinct, they’re also going to move at alarming rates around the globe, aggregating in ecosystems they’ve never been in before.”
The maps above show which regions could be home to more parasites by 2070. Map A shows the current distribution of parasite species richness (the areas with the most parasite species are shaded green), while map B shows the predicted change in parasite species richness by 2070 (with blue indicating a net loss of parasites and red indicating a net gain). Map C shows this change as a proportion of the parasite species richness observed today.
The research suggests that regions far from the equator, such as Canada, northern Eurasia and the Arctic, could face the largest influx of parasites in the coming decades. Previous research suggests this could be happening already as the US and Canada have seen an increase in cases of Lyme disease (which is spread by ticks) in recent years.
However, the results do not necessarily mean that these regions will face more parasite-borne diseases, says Carlson, because it is still unclear which parasites will become “winners” and “losers” as a result of climate change:
“The basic implication is actually not all bad for human health: some ticks and other disease vectors gain ground, but others lose a lot of habitat. What we call the ‘warmer, sicker world’ idea might be true on average, but not true for any given parasite species.”
“In fact, our study shows that human parasites – or vectors that spread human disease – aren’t any more or less likely to gain or lose range in a changing climate [than other parasites] – in a way, it’s sort of a lottery.”
Despite the “Titan-esque work” collecting and cleaning all the parasite data for the study, analysing 457 parasite species may not be representative of the millions of parasites that are spread across the globe, says Caminade:
“The parasite species richness map [Map A] looks counter-intuitive. I was expecting more richness in the Amazon basin and central Africa [where the majority of host species currently live]. This is surely related to their data. There must be more data available for Europe and the US, where most of the research is conducted, so this might have biased the model outcome and map.”
Importance of parasitesAlthough a small number of parasites threaten human health, the vast majority of them are harmless to us, says Carlson, and losing these creatures could have devastating consequences for ecosystems.
“Parasites play a huge role in ecosystems: they move energy through food webs [through the death of host species], can control host behavior, regulate animal populations in nature, and there’s even evidence that parasite diversity might be a buffer against the spread of some infectious diseases.”
Current research suggests parasites are responsible for up to 75% of the “connections” between food webs, Carlson explains:.
“Food webs are made of connections not just between predators and prey but all kinds of different interactions. Parasites can be incredibly diverse and make up the majority of those species-species interactions in an ecosystem. If we lose those links, it’s like losing the glue that holds ecosystems together.”
The destabilisation of ecosystems as a result of parasite loss could lead to waves of species extinction, he adds, affecting every level of the ecosystem, from plants to top-level predators.  
“It means extinctions might keep happening downstream, but more broadly it means ecosystems might change in pretty unexpected ways.”

Árvores economizam 430 milhões de euros por ano em metrópoles - estudo

Ao reduzir substancialmente a poluição e o custo do aquecimento, arrefecimento e tratamento da água

Funchal- Foto de autor

As árvores fornecem 430 milhões de euros por ano (cerca de US $ 505 milhões) em benefícios para cada megacidade porque fornecem serviços que tornam os ambientes urbanos mais limpos, mais acessíveis e mais agradáveis ​​para viver. Esses grandes municípios (com mais de 10 milhões de habitantes) são o lar de quase 10% dos 7,5 biliões de pessoas que vivem no planeta.

Esta é a conclusão de um estudo realizado por seis pesquisadores dos Estados Unidos e Itália, e publicado na revista 'Ecological Modelling'. O trabalho centra-se em 10 megacidades dos cinco continentes: Bombay (Índia), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Cidade do México (México), Cairo (Egito), Istambul (Turquia), Londres (Reino-Unido), Los Angeles (Estados Unidos), Moscovo (Rússia), Pequim (China) e Tóquio (Japão).

A área metropolitana das megacidades estudadas tem uma média de 2.530 quilómetros quadrados, com uma cobertura arbórea de 21% e um potencial colhido de outros 19%. Cada um tem 39 metros quadrados por habitante de densidade média de massa arbórea.

Os cientistas estudaram a cobertura existente e potencial das árvores nessas grandes cidades e qual a sua contribuição para os serviços ecossistémicos. Eles concluíram que os benefícios dos bosquetes e árvores de rua têm um valor médio anual de US $ 505 milhões por ano, equivalente a US $ 1,2 milhão por quilómetro quadrado de árvores ou US $ 35 per capita por cada residente na metrópole.

Theodore Endrey, da Faculdade de Ciências Ambientais e Florestais da Universidade Estadual de Nova York e principal autor do estudo, aponta que o valor dos serviços das árvores poderia ser facilmente duplicado simplesmente plantando mais espécimes.

"As megacidades podem aumentar esses benefícios em 85%", diz ele, acrescentando: "Se as árvores foram estabelecidas ao longo de sua área de cobertura potencial, eles filtram os poluentes do ar e da água, reduzem o uso de a energia dos edifícios e melhorar o bem-estar humano, enquanto fornece habitat e recursos para outras espécies na área urbana ".

Benefícios diretos e indiretos
Os pesquisadores levaram em conta os benefícios das árvores na redução da poluição do ar, o escoamento da água da chuva, os custos de energia associados ao aquecimento e arrefecimento e as emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2).

Sublinham que o benefício médio das 10 megacidades analisadas é de 410 milhões de euros por ano em reduções de poluentes atmosféricos; 9,4 milhões em tratamento de águas pluviais salvaguardas; 6,8 milhões de sequestro de CO2 e 0,4 milhões de poupança de aquecimento e ar condicionado.
"As árvores têm benefícios diretos"

Fonte: Economista Es 

Tradução: João Paulo Soares  

Obrigado Paulo Pimenta de Castro (Portugal) e João Paulo Soares (Brasil)

Terra Bela - "Nox Atacama" - Beautiful Earth- belíssimo filme de Martin Heck

POR
O deserto de Atacama é o lar dos céus mais escuros e limpos do mundo. Uma visão do céu nocturno recompensa pelo incontável número de estrelas e fantásticas nebulosas num dos lugares mais calmos e "vazios" da Terra. Nenhum ruído distrai-se do grande panorama que a noite de Atacama tem para oferecer. No entanto, o ambiente é áspero. Filmado a temperaturas congeladas, altitudes até 5.000m / 16.000ft, lagos salgados e encostas geladas, o Atacama não é amigável para a vida e equipamentos. Embora forneça, sem dúvida, vistas épicas e vastas de uma das maiores e mais surpreendentes paisagens da Terra.

EN

The Atacama desert is home to the darkest and cleanest skies in the world. A view to the nightsky rewards with uncountable numbers of stars and fantastic nebulas in one of the most quiet a empty places on earth. Not a single noise distracts from the grand show the nightsky has to offer. The environment is harsh though. Filmed in freezing temperatures, altitudes up to 5000m/16000ft, salt lakes and icy slopes, the Atacama is not friendly to life and equipment. Though it provides without doubt for epic and vast vistas of one of the greatest landscapes on earth.

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