Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta Mulch. Mostrar todas as mensagens
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terça-feira, 16 de dezembro de 2025
Webinar - Indicadores Biológicos do Solo: Métodos de Amostragem
Labels:
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sexta-feira, 5 de dezembro de 2025
Over a pint in Oxford, we may have stumbled upon the holy grail of agriculture
I knew that a revolution in our understanding of soil could change the world. Then came a eureka moment – and the birth of the Earth Rover Program
It felt like walking up a mountain during a temperature inversion. You struggle through fog so dense you can scarcely see where you’re going. Suddenly, you break through the top of the cloud, and the world is laid out before you. It was that rare and remarkable thing: a eureka moment.
For the past three years, I’d been struggling with a big and frustrating problem. In researching my book Regenesis, I’d been working closely with Iain Tolhurst (Tolly), a pioneering farmer who had pulled off something extraordinary. Almost everywhere, high-yield farming means major environmental harm, due to the amount of fertiliser, pesticides and (sometimes) irrigation water and deep ploughing required. Most farms with apparently small environmental impacts produce low yields. This, in reality, means high impacts, as more land is needed to produce a given amount of food. But Tolly has found the holy grail of agriculture: high and rising yields with minimal environmental harm.
He uses no fertiliser, no animal manure and no pesticides. His techniques, the result of decades of experiment and observation, appear to enrich the crucial relationships between crops and microbes in the soil, through which soil nutrients must pass. It seems that Tolly has, in effect, “trained” his soil bacteria to release nutrients when his crops require them (a process called mineralisation), and lock them up when his crops aren’t growing (immobilisation), ensuring they don’t leach from the soil.
So why the frustration? Well, Tolly has inspired many other growers to attempt the same techniques. Some have succeeded, with excellent results. Others have not. And no one can work out why. It’s likely to have something to do with soil properties. But what?
Not for the first time, I had stumbled into a knowledge gap so wide that humanity could fall through it. Soil is a fantastically complex biological structure, like a coral reef, built and sustained by the creatures that inhabit it. It supplies 99% of our calories. Yet we know less about it than any other identified ecosystem. It’s almost a black box.
Many brilliant scientists have devoted their lives to its study. But there are major barriers. Most soil properties cannot be seen without digging, and if you dig a hole, you damage the structures you’re trying to investigate. As a result, studying even basic properties is cumbersome, time-consuming and either very expensive or simply impossible at scale. To measure the volume of soil in a field, for example, you need to take hundreds of core samples. But as soil depths can vary greatly from one metre to the next, your figure relies on extrapolation. This makes it very hard to tell whether you’re losing soil or gaining it. Measuring bulk density (the amount of soil in a given volume, which shows how compacted it might be), or connected porosity (the tiny catacombs created by lifeforms, a crucial measure of soil health), or soil carbon – at scale – is even harder.
So farmers must guess. Partly because they cannot see exactly what the soil needs, many of their inputs – fertilisers, irrigation, deep ploughing – are wasted. Roughly two-thirds of the nitrogen fertiliser they apply, and between 50% and 80% of their phosphorus, is lost. These lost minerals cause algal blooms in rivers, dead zones at sea, costs for water users and global heating. Huge amounts of irrigation water are also wasted. Farmers sometimes “subsoil” their fields – ploughing that is deep and damaging – because they suspect compaction. The suspicion is often wrong.
Our lack of knowledge also inhibits the development of a new agriculture, which may, as Tolly has done, allow farmers to replace chemical augmentation with biological enhancement.
So when I came to write the book, I made a statement so vague that it reads like an admission of defeat: we needed to spend heavily on “an advanced science of the soil”, and use it to deliver a “greener revolution”. While we know almost nothing about the surface of our own planet, billions are spent on the Mars Rover programme, exploring the barren regolith there. What we needed, I argued, is an Earth Rover programme, mapping the world’s agricultural soils at much finer resolution.
I might as well have written “something must be done!” The necessary technologies simply did not exist. I sank into a stygian gloom.
At the same time, Tarje Nissen-Meyer, then a professor of geophysics at the University of Oxford, was grappling with a different challenge. Seismology is the study of waves passing through a solid medium. Thanks to billions from the oil and gas industry, it has become highly sophisticated. Tarje wanted to use this powerful tool for the opposite purpose – ecological improvement. Already, with colleagues, he had deployed seismology to study elephant behaviour in Kenya. Not only was it highly effective, but his team also discovered it could identify animal species walking through the savannah by their signature footfall.
By luck we were both attached, in different ways, to Wolfson College, Oxford, where we met in February 2022. I saw immediately that he was a thoughtful man – a visionary. I suggested a pint in The Magdalen Arms.
I explained my problem, and we talked about the limits of existing technologies. Was seismology being used to study soil, I asked. He’d never heard of it. “I guess it’s not a suitable technology then?” No, he told me, “soil should be a good medium for seismology. In fact, we need to filter out the soil noise when we look at the rocks.” “So if it’s noise, it could be signal?” “Definitely.”
We stared at each other. Time seemed to stall. Could this really be true?
Over the next three days, Tarje conducted a literature search. Nothing came up. I wrote to Prof Simon Jeffery, an eminent soil scientist at Harper Adams University, whose advice I’d found invaluable when researching the book. I set up a Zoom call. He would surely explain that we were barking up the wrong tree.
Simon is usually a reserved man. But when he had finished questioning Tarje, he became quite animated. “All my life I’ve wanted to ‘see’ into the soil,” he said. “Maybe now we can.” I was introduced to a brilliant operations specialist, Katie Bradford, who helped us build an organisation. We set up a non-profit called the Earth Rover Program, to develop what we call “soilsmology”; to build open-source hardware and software cheap enough to be of use to farmers everywhere; and to create, with farmers, a global, self-improving database. This, we hope, might one day incorporate every soil ecosystem: a kind of Human Genome Project for the soil.
We later found that some scientists had in fact sought to apply seismology to soil, but it had not been developed into a programme, partly because the approaches used were not easily scalable.
My role was mostly fixer, finding money and other help. We received $4m (£3m) in start-up money from the Bezos Earth Fund. This may cause some discomfort, but our experience has been entirely positive: the fund has helped us do exactly what we want. We also got a lot of pro-bono help from the law firm Hogan Lovells.
Tarje, now at the University of Exeter, and Simon began assembling their teams. They would need to develop an ultra-high-frequency variant of seismology. A big obstacle was cost. In 2022, suitable sensors cost $10,000 (£7,500) apiece. They managed to repurpose other kit: Tarje found that a geophone developed by a Slovakian experimental music outfit worked just as well, and cost only $100. Now one of our scientists, Jiayao Meng, is developing a sensor for about $10. In time, we should be able to use the accelerometers in mobile phones, reducing the cost to zero. As for generating seismic waves, we get all the signal we need by hitting a small metal plate with a welder’s hammer.
On its first deployment, our team measured the volume of a peat bog that had been studied by scientists for 50 years. After 45 minutes in the field, they produced a preliminary estimate suggesting that previous measurements were out by 20%. Instead of extrapolating the peat depth from point samples, they could see the wavy line where the peat met the subsoil. The implications for estimating carbon stocks are enormous.
We’ve also been able to measure bulk density at a very fine scale; to track soil moisture (as part of a wider team); to start building the AI and machine learning tools we need; and to see the varying impacts of different agricultural crops and treatments. Next we’ll work on measuring connected porosity, soil texture and soil carbon; scaling up to the hectare level and beyond; and on testing the use of phones as seismometers. We now have further funding, from the UBS Optimus Foundation, hubs on three continents and a big international team.
Eventually, we hope, any farmer anywhere, rich or poor, will be able to get an almost instant readout from their soil. As more people use the tools, building the global database, we hope these readouts will translate into immediate useful advice. The tools should also revolutionise soil protection: the EU has issued a soil-monitoring law, but how can it be implemented? Farmers are paid for their contributions “to improve soil health and soil resilience”, but what this means in practice is ticking a box on a subsidy form: there’s no sensible way of checking.
We’re not replacing the great work of other soil scientists but, developing our methods alongside theirs, we believe we can fill part of the massive knowledge gap. As one of the farmers we’re working with, Roddy Hall, remarks, the Earth Rover Program could “take the guesswork out of farming”. One day it might help everyone arrive at that happy point: high yields with low impacts. Seismology promises to shake things up.
E-Livro: Regenesis, by George Monbiot
segunda-feira, 30 de junho de 2025
Agroecologia aumenta a fertilidade do solo, elimina o uso de adubos sintéticos e de pesticidas
De acordo com o estudo Análise da Agroecologia no nosso País, 2020 em Portugal, não existe uma legislação específica dedicada exclusivamente à agroecologia. No entanto, existem várias leis e medidas que apoiam a agricultura sustentável e práticas relacionadas, como a agricultura familiar, circuitos curtos de comercialização e agricultura biológica. Estas medidas indiretamente incentivam e promovem a agroecologia.
Instrumentos Legais e Medidas de Apoio:
Agricultura Familiar:
A agricultura familiar é reconhecida e apoiada através de várias medidas, como o Programa de Desenvolvimento Rural (PDR 2020) e outras políticas que visam a sustentabilidade do setor agrícola.
Circuitos Curtos de Comercialização:
Existe legislação e medidas que incentivam a venda direta de produtos agrícolas do produtor ao consumidor, promovendo os circuitos curtos de comercialização, o que é uma prática central na agroecologia.
Agricultura Biológica:
A produção biológica é regulada por legislação específica e tem apoios financeiros, como os pagamentos agroambientais, que são um incentivo para a adoção de práticas agroecológicas.
Ações e Políticas:
Programa de Desenvolvimento Rural (PDR 2020):
Este programa inclui medidas que visam a promoção da sustentabilidade ambiental e económica do setor agrícola, com foco na agricultura familiar e em práticas sustentáveis.
Estratégia Nacional para a Agricultura Biológica:
Esta estratégia estabelece metas e medidas para o desenvolvimento da produção biológica em Portugal, o que contribui para a prática agroecológica.
Oportunidades e Desafios:
Apesar da falta de uma legislação específica, a agroecologia tem um papel crescente em Portugal, impulsionada por preocupações ambientais, de saúde pública e de sustentabilidade económica. Os desafios incluem a necessidade de maior investimento em investigação e desenvolvimento, a sensibilização dos consumidores e a criação de políticas públicas mais abrangentes para a agroecologia.
Outros Estudos e Congressos
terça-feira, 10 de novembro de 2015
Permacultura, a arte de viver em harmonia com a natureza
Labels:
Alimentação,
Ambiente,
Bill Mollison,
David Holmgren,
Documentário,
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Masanobu Fukuoka,
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Miguel Altieri,
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Permacultura
sábado, 2 de dezembro de 2006
The Miyawaki Method for Creating Forests
The Miyawaki Method is one of the most effective tree planting methods for creating forest cover quickly on degraded land that has been used for other purposes such as agriculture or construction. It is effective because it is based on natural reforestation principles, i.e. using trees native to the area and replicating natural forest regeneration processes. It has some significant benefits over more traditional forestry methods when used in smaller afforestation projects and is particularly effective in the urban environment. The trees planted by this method grow much faster, jump starting the forest creation process and capturing more carbon. Higher biodiversity has been recorded in Miyawaki forests than in neighbouring woodland, so it’s an ideal method for creating diverse forest ecosystems quickly. Within the context of the current climate change emergency and stark warnings about the global loss of biodiversity, being able to create diverse, healthy forests quickly could prove vital to meeting international targets and tackling these issues.

Two year old Miyawaki Forest. Photo credit: Afforestt
Miyawaki Method principles
The essential principle of the Miyawaki method is using species of trees that would occur naturally in that area and that work together to create a diverse, multi-layered forest community. This creates a resilient and thriving forest ecosystem with species that complement each other, restoring “native forests by native trees”. The selection of species to plant in a given area was originally linked to the theory of potential natural vegetation (PNV), in other words the vegetation that would occur in a specific area without further human interference. Extensive surveys have been carried out globally to determine the PNV across the world (see Hengl et al. 2018 for a summary), although there is fierce debate about the most effective way of defining ‘native’ species. In the UK the PNV is predominantly oak or oak/ash woodland, with beech woodland in the South East of England and boreal pine forest in Scotland. Estuarine and wet woodlands occur in specific habitats, particularly around The Wash and on the Somerset Levels. In spite of the inherent difficulties in defining native species, those that are adapted to local conditions (in the UK oak, willow, birch for example) will fare better and contribute more to increasing biodiversity than more recently introduced species (e.g horse chestnut, plane).

One of the most noticeable differences in a Miyawaki forest is that the seedlings are planted at very high densities. This replicates the regeneration process that occurs in a natural forest when a clearing in the canopy opens up due to a larger tree falling. The saplings grow very fast to compete for the light and then natural selection will favour the fastest growing individuals and act to thin out the trees. The result is a densely packed pioneer forest that grows in 20 to 30 years instead of taking 150 to 200 years. This has obvious benefits for projects that are working to maximise a forest’s carbon sequestration potential or recreate habitat for biodiversity and wildlife.

Afforestt Clifton Park project, Karachi, after planting and 2 years later. Photo credit: Afforestt
The history of the Miyawaki Method
The Miyawaki Method is named after its creator, Akira Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist and plant ecologist who has a particular interest in phytosociology, i.e. how plant species interact with each other within communities. Following the completion of a PhD in plant ecology, Miyawaki went to study with phytosociologist Reinhold Tüxen in Germany, where he learned about the concept of potential natural vegetation. When he returned to Japan and applied the PNV principles to the Japanese landscape, he became interested in the relics of ancient forests found around temples and shrines, known as Chinju-no-mori, sacred groves. These fragments of forest were composed of trees such as Japanese blue oak (Quercus glauca), Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata) and Sakaki (Cleyera japonica), rather than the coniferous trees such as larch (Larix kaempferi) and Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), which had been introduced from other areas and dominated local forests. There was also a distinct layering in the forest structure, with slow-growing canopy species, tree layer species, smaller sub-tree layer species, shrubs and ground covering herbs.

When Miyawaki combined these concepts, he developed a new way of planting forests. This was based on the native vegetation that he postulated should be growing in that area, as deduced from PNV studies, and his understanding of how these species would interact and grow to produce a dynamic forest ecosystem. His early field trials showed great promise that this method could dramatically accelerate forest growth and result in a stable and diverse forest ecosystem. Since then Miyawaki forests have been successfully planted on more than 3000 sites globally.
How to plant forest using the Miyawaki Method
- Survey local forest fragments and identify PNV tree species that are best suited to the conditions
- Determine the forest community structure – identify the main canopy and tree layer species and select companion species based on their compatibility with the key species. This is assessed by looking at local indigenous vegetation and analysis of forest structures elsewhere in the world
- Conduct a soil survey to help decide on the type of mulch and soil nutrients required
- Collect seeds from local trees to grow seedlings or obtain seedlings of local variants of tree species. There are specific recommendations for how to raise the seedlings including growing them under shaded covers
- Apply a mulch made from local materials to protect and nourish the seedlings – this simulates the protection offered by humus / leaf litter in a natural forest
- Treat the soil and the seedlings with soil improvers or a mycorrhizal improver
- Plant the seedlings randomly and at high density, 20,000 to 30,000 per hectare instead of 1,000 per hectare, with stakes for support
- Water regularly and keep the site weed free for the first 2 years

Afforestt St Gobain project after planting and 5 months later. Photo credit: Afforestt
What are the benefits?
- Trees in a Miyawaki forest grow up to ten times faster at around a metre per year, reaching a stable multi-layered forest community in 20 to 30 years instead of hundreds of years
- The growing trees absorb more carbon in a Miyawaki forest than in a plantation or in standard afforestation projects because they grow more quickly and there are thirty times as many
- The Miyawaki method has been successful where other planting projects have failed, such as in arid Mediterranean habitats, due to high survival rates
- Native trees thrive in the conditions to which they are adapted and are more resilient to environmental changes
- Miyawaki forests have been found to have far higher biodiversity than neighbouring woodland, on average 18 times higher
Applications of the Miyawaki Method
The Miyawaki Method has been used successfully around the world in over 3000 projects and the numbers are now also rising in Europe. The ability to create a dense native forest quickly has made the technique useful for creating urban micro forests, for restoring rainforest and Japanese evergreen broadleaf forests and for planting in arid Mediterranean habitat where other forestry techniques have not been successful. Miyawaki forests have also proven effective when used for a specific purpose, such as providing tsunami protection, stabilising mine dump slopes, as typhoon protection and for carbon sequestration. There has been particular focus on planting Miyawaki forests in urban environments as there are significant benefits to tree planting in towns and cities, and this method maximises the space available. Urban forests reduce local temperatures (-1.3°C in one study), improve air quality by reducing pollutants, sequester carbon, and improve the wellbeing of residents, as well as creating a natural oasis for invertebrates and birds. There remains, however, much scope for research on the Miyawaki method. In particular the carbon sequestration rates could be significantly higher than on forest plantations because of the density both at planting and at the final forest stage.

Miyawaki Forest. Photo credit: Afforestt
Criticism of technique
There has been significant criticism of the concept of Potential Natural Vegetation, although very little of the Miyawaki Method itself. In particular, the idea of using fixed compositions of vegetation has garnered criticism because ecosystems are not static. There is no denying, however, that having a concept of the best adapted vegetation to a particular area can help afforestation projects to create forests that benefit native wildlife. Many research studies still use PNV as a tool to identify potential species that would be expected to occur in an area, whilst also acknowledging its limitations.
The Miyawaki method itself has been criticised for creating forests that look monotonous because the trees are all the same age. However, the diversity inherent in the planting and the biodiversity recorded at the sites demonstrate that a functioning ecosystem has been created, and that the appearance of the forests is more of an aesthetic issue. It is a more expensive method of planting because it requires more seedlings to cover a certain area, but the rapidity of the forest growth and the minimal maintenance required recompense some of that expenditure.
The Miyawaki Method is an effective way of jump starting the creation of a forest or woodland, with considerable benefits for carbon capture and recreating biodiversity. At Creating Tomorrow’s Forests we employ the Miyawaki Method alongside restoration of other habitats such as ponds and meadows, to create diverse, rich forest ecosystems for people and wildlife.
Labels:
Akira Miyawaki,
Artigo Científico,
Arvoredo Urbano,
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domingo, 18 de julho de 2004
Desertificação - conceitos básicos; acções e Agenda 21
A Desertificação é definida como processo de destruição do potencial produtivo da terra nas regiões de clima árido, semi-árido e sub-húmido seco. O problema vem sendo detectado desde os anos 30, nos Estados Unidos, quando intensos processos de destruição da vegetação e solos ocorreu no Meio Oeste americano.
Muitas outras situações consideradas como graves problemas de desertificação foram sendo detectadas ao longo do tempo em vários países do mundo. América Latina, Ásia, Europa, África e Austrália oferecem exemplos de áreas onde o homem, através do uso inadequado e/ou intensivo da terra, destruiu os recursos e transformou terras férteis em desertos ecológicos e econômicos.
A medida que o estudo sobre a origem dos desertos evoluiu, surgiram conceitos a respeito do assunto:
Deserto: região de clima árido; a evaporação potencial é maior que a precipitação média anual. Caracteriza-se por apresentar solos ressequidos; cobertura vegetal esparsa, presença de xerófilas e plantas temporárias.
Desertificação: origina-se pela intensa pressão exercida por atividades humanas sobre ecossistemas frágeis, cuja capacidade de regeneração é baixa.
Processo de desertificação: diz respeito a atividade predatória que irá conduzir a formação de desertos.
Área de desertificação: é a área onde o fenômeno já se manifesta.
Área propensa à desertificação: área onde a fragilidade do ecossistema favorece o processo de instalação da desertificação.
Deserto específico: a desertificação já se manifesta em grau máximo.
As causas mais frequentes da desertificação estão associadas ao uso inadequado do solo e da água no desenvolvimento de atividades agropecuárias, na mineração, na irrigação mal planejada e no desmatamento indiscriminado.
Principais problemas:
a.. vulnerabilidade às secas, que impactam diretamente a agricultura de
sequeiro e pecuária
b.. fraca capacidade de reorganizar a estrutura produtiva do sertão
c.. desmatamento resultante da pecuária extensiva e do uso de madeira para
fins energéticos
d.. problemas graves de desertificação já identificados
e.. sinalização dos solos decorrente do manejo inadequado na agricultura e no
pastoreiro
f.. perda de dinamismo de atividades industriais e comerciais
g.. precária conservação da infra-estrutura rodoviária
h.. precário atendimento dos serviços de comunicação
i.. precário sistema de difusão tecnológica
j.. baixa produção científica e tecnológica para as necessidades do semi-árido
k.. deficiência nos níveis de capacitação da mão-de-obra rural, industrial e
do comércio
l.. fragilidade institucional
m.. gestão municipal sem planejamento e comprometimento com objetivos a longo
prazo.
A desertificação ocorre em mais de 100 países do mundo. Por isso é considerada um problema global. No Brasil existem quatro áreas, que são chamadas núcleos de desertificação, onde é intensa a degradação. Elas somam 18,7 mil km² e se localizam nos municípios de Gilbués, no Piauí; Seridó, no Rio Grande do Norte; Irauçuba, no Ceará e Cabrobó, em Pernambuco.
As regiões áridas, semi-áridas e subúmidas secas, também chamadas de terras secas, ocupam mais de 37% de toda a superfície do planeta, abrigando mais de 1 bilhão de pessoas, ou seja, 1/6 da população mundial, cujos indicadores são de baixo nível de renda, baixo padrão tecnológico, baixo nível de escolaridade e ingestão de proteínas abaixo dos níveis aceitáveis pela Organização Mundial de Saúde - OMS. Mas a sua evolução ocorre em cada lugar de modo específico e apresenta dinâmicas influenciadas por esses lugares.
As regiões sul-americana e caribenha têm inúmeros países com expressivas áreas de seus territórios com problemas de desertificação. Os mais significativos são Argentina, Bolívia, Brasil, Chile, Cuba, Peru e México.
Possíveis causas da desertificação podem ser apuradas.
O desmatamento, que além de comprometer a biodiversidade, deixa os solos descobertos e expostos à erosão, ocorre como resultado das atividades econômicas, seja para fins de agricultura de sequeiro ou irrigada, seja para a pecuária, quando a vegetação nativa é substituída por pasto, seja diretamente
para o uso da madeira como fonte de energia (lenha e carvão).
O uso intensivo do solo, sem descanso e sem técnicas de conservação, provoca erosão e compromete a produtividade, repercutindo diretamente na situação econômica do agricultor. A cada ano, a colheita diminui, e também a possibilidade de ter reservas de alimento para o período de estiagem. É comum
verificar-se, no semi-árido, a atividade da pecuária ser desenvolvida sem considerar a capacidade de suporte da região, o que pressiona tanto pasto nativo como plantado, além de tornar o solo endurecido, compacto.
A irrigação mal conduzida provoca a salinização dos solos, inviabilizando algumas áreas e perímetros irrigados do semi-árido, o problema tem sido provocado tanto pelo tipo de sistema de irrigação, muitas vezes inadequado às características do solo, quanto, principalmente, pela maneira como a atividade é executada, fazendo mais uma molhação do que irrigando.
Além de serem correlacionados, esses problemas desencadeiam outros, de extrema gravidade para a região. É o caso do assoreamento de cursos d'água e reservatórios, provocado pela erosão, que, por sua vez, é desencadeada pelo desmatamento e por atividades econômicas desenvolvidas sem cuidades com o meio ambiente.
Consequências da desertificação:
Natureza ambiental e climática
Como perda de biodiversidade (flora e fauna), a perda de solos por erosão, a diminuição da disponibilidade de recursos hídricos, resultado tanto dos fatores climáticos adversos quando do mau e a perda da capacidade produtiva dos solos em razão da baixa umidade provocada, também, pelo manejo inadequado da cobertura vegetal.
Natureza social
Abandono das terras por partes das populações mais pobres, a diminuição da qualidade de vida e aumento da mortalidade infantil, a diminuição da expectativa de vida da população e a desestruturação das famílias como unidades produtivas.
Acrescente-se, também, o crescimento da pobreza urbana devido às migrações, a desorganização das cidades, o aumento da poluição e problemas ambientais urbanos.
Natureza econômica
Destacam-se a queda na produtividade e produção agrícolas, a diminuição da renda do consumo das populações, dificuldade de manter uma oferta de produtos agrícolas de maneira constante, de modo a atender os mercados regional e nacional, sobretudo a agricultura de sequeiro que é mais dependente dos fatores climáticos.
Natureza político institucional
Há uma perda da capacidades produtiva do Estado, sobretudo no meio rural, que repercute diretamente na arrecadação de impostos e na circulação da renda e, por outro lado, criam-se novas demandas sociais que extrapolam a capacidade do Estado de atendê-las.
Diante de tudo o que foi abordado, conclui-se que o processo de recuperação de uma área desertificada é complexo, pois necessita de ações capazes de controlar, prevenir e recuperar as áreas degradadas. Paralelamente a estas ações, cabe uma maior conscientização política, econômica e social no sentido de minimizar e/ou combater a erosão, a salinização, o assoreamento entre outros.
Está previsto no Capítulo 12 da Agenda 21, a criação de seis áreas-programas para combate a desertificação com ações regionais.
Fonte: CAVALCANTI, E. Para Compreender a Desertificação: Uma abordagem didática
e integrada. Instituto Desert. Julho de 2001.
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