Bioterra
Blogue de Educação Ambiental, iniciado em 01.04.2004
quarta-feira, 20 de maio de 2026
Arab Strap - You You You
Labels:
Apatia Social,
Atomização Social,
Crítica Social,
Depressão,
Globocratas,
Indie Rock,
Influencer,
Lo-Fi,
Minimal Synth,
Minimalismo,
Música de Intervenção,
Poesia,
Reino Unido,
Spoken Word
Os Comentadores - Não queres o pacote laboral, faz a greve geral
A dupla face da China: líder na transição verde esconde uma corrida às armas nucleares
- A Parada de Pequim: a China exibiu publicamente pela primeira vez a sua "tríade nuclear" completa, demonstrando uma capacidade consolidada de lançar armas nucleares por terra, mar e ar.
- O Ritmo da Expansão: especialistas apontam que a China se encontra no meio de uma expansão nuclear histórica. O Pentágono projeta que o país alcance as 1.500 ogivas nucleares até 2035.
- A Motivação de Xi Jinping: o líder chinês é movido pelo receio de um confronto inevitável com o Ocidente liderado pelos EUA. A sua estratégia baseia-se no realismo estrutural: demonstrar poder para forçar as potências ocidentais a abandonarem a política de contenção contra a China.
- A Inspiração na Rússia: Xi Jinping destacou internamente que a Rússia tomou uma decisão correta após a Guerra Fria ao manter o seu grande arsenal nuclear, o que obriga os rivais a moderar as suas políticas.
- Os Silos de Mísseis: investigadores descobriram, através de imagens de satélite, mais de 300 silos de mísseis balísticos intercontinentais (ICBM) em construção nas zonas remotas do oeste da China. Esta foi a forma mais rápida encontrada por Pequim para expandir o seu arsenal e demonstrar a sua capacidade aos EUA.
- O Vetor Aéreo: a mais recente perna da tríade é o míssil balístico lançado pelo ar, conhecido como Jinglay 1 (JL-1).
- O Vetor Marítimo e a Geografia: os novos submarinos nucleares chineses estão equipados com o míssil Juulang 3 (JL-3), com um alcance superior a 10.000 km. A China enfrenta restrições geográficas marítimas (a "primeira cadeia de ilhas"), onde os aliados dos EUA monitorizam as saídas para o oceano. É por isso que o Mar do Sul da China e a ilha de Hainan são cruciais para esconder os submarinos. O controlo sobre Taiwan daria à China acesso direto e indetetável ao Oceano Pacífico.
- Mísseis de Teatro de Operações (Médio Alcance): o míssil DF-26 (apelidado de "Guam Killer") tem um alcance de 4.000 km e consegue atingir as forças dos EUA no Pacífico. Estes mísseis possuem "capacidade dupla", o que significa que podem transportar tanto ogivas convencionais como nucleares. Isto gera um perigo de incerteza em tempos de crise, pois os EUA podem confundir um ataque convencional com um ataque nuclear. O DF-17 é o primeiro sistema hipersónico da China, capaz de manobrar a altas velocidades para evitar as defesas antimísseis.
- A Lição da Ucrânia: Pequim observou que as ameaças nucleares implícitas de Vladimir Putin resultaram em impedir que a NATO enviasse tropas para o terreno na Ucrânia. A China ambiciona ter a mesma capacidade de dissuasão para evitar que os EUA intervenham num cenário de invasão a Taiwan.
- A Política de "Não Primeiro Uso" (No First Use): oficialmente, a China mantém a política de nunca ser a primeira a utilizar armas nucleares. Contudo, existem ambiguidades: analistas indicam que Pequim tem planos para ameaçar com o uso nuclear caso alvos estratégicos convencionais no seu território sejam atacados, argumentando que a política só é tecnicamente violada se as armas forem efetivamente disparadas.
- Lançamento sob Ataque (Launch Under Attack): com a ajuda tecnológica da Rússia, a China está a desenvolver um sistema de alerta precoce para detetar mísseis inimigos. Isto permite adotar uma postura de disparar os mísseis de volta antes que os mísseis do adversário atinjam os silos chineses. O perigo reside no risco elevado de alarmes falsos e interpretações erradas durante uma crise.
- Guerra Nuclear Limitada: o desenvolvimento de armas regionais mostra que a China está a preparar-se para a possibilidade de uma guerra nuclear limitada com os EUA. Os estrategistas chineses pensam em alvejar bases militares americanas na região (como em Guam, Japão ou Alasca) para aterrorizar os EUA e ganhar vantagem, sem provocar uma retaliação total que leve à destruição mútua global.
Labels:
Armas Nucleares,
Belicismo,
China,
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Energia Nuclear,
EUA,
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Transição Verde,
Vladimir Putin,
Xi Jinping
terça-feira, 19 de maio de 2026
Klændestine - The Watcher
The one who sees everything
I do not participate I watch
The details, the gestures and the looks
I pierce the mysteries
The moments of grace
The abandonment of the senses, the reluctance
I film, I examine
The little abandonments of my love
I watch, I look after, I take care
Three meanings in one word
I am the watcher
Epileptic Lord
Where are you?
O Klændestine é um projeto musical internacional de origem anglo-francesa que une veteranos da cena underground europeia. A banda é fruto de uma colaboração transfronteiriça entre Usher San, uma figura histórica do movimento coldwave de Dijon, na França, e Martin Bowes e Julia Waller, integrantes da icónica banda de pós-punk e industrial britânica Attrition, baseada em Coventry, na Inglaterra.
O estilo musical do grupo situa-se firmemente dentro de vertentes eletrónicas sombrias, sendo classificado predominantemente como darkwave e coldwave, com fortes pinceladas de dark ambient e eletrónica industrial. Sonoramente, a faixa The Watcher é marcada pelo uso de sintetizadores analógicos minimalistas, batidas mecânicas e linhas de piano melancólicas, contrastando uma voz masculina sussurrada e soturna com vocais femininos etéreos.
O videoclipe de The Watcher, filmado em Dijon sob a direção de Sébastien Fait Divers, carrega um significado profundamente ligado à paranoia urbana, ao isolamento e ao sentimento psicológico de vigilância contínua sugerido pelo próprio título. Visualmente, a produção evoca uma atmosfera cinematográfica claustrofóbica e expressionista que serve para ilustrar a alienação moderna, ao mesmo tempo em que registou o primeiro encontro físico dos músicos após um longo período trocando ideias e arquivos à distância através do Canal da Mancha.
Embora essa atmosfera densa e introspectiva evoque temas comuns à literatura modernista, não existe nenhuma ligação direta ou inspiração oficial na obra do escritor irlandês James Joyce. A associação mental com o autor é compreensível devido a paralelos estéticos espontâneos: a figura do observador solitário que vaga pela cidade remete ao fluxo de consciência de personagens urbanos como Leopold Bloom em Ulysses, o sentimento de paralisia e alienação dialoga com os contos de Dublinenses, e a própria natureza multicultural do projeto Klændestine espelha o trânsito de Joyce entre o mundo anglófono e a Europa continental, em especial a França.
- O conceito de "The Watcher" (O Observador): na literatura modernista — da qual James Joyce é um dos maiores pilares — o conceito do observador distante e do fluxo de consciência (uma mente vagando e observando a cidade, como Leopold Bloom em Ulysses) é muito forte. O clipe traz essa mesma energia de alguém caminhando e vigiando uma cidade cinzenta (Dijon).
- Conexão anglo-francesa: James Joyce era irlandês, mas escreveu e publicou grande parte de suas obras-primas enquanto morava na Europa continental, especialmente na França (Paris) e em Itália (Trieste). O Klændestine é justamente esse "ponto de encontro" cultural entre artistas da França e do Reino Unido.
- A paranoia e a decadência urbana: assim como Joyce retratava a paralisia espiritual e o isolamento dos cidadãos em Dubliners (Dublinenses), o visual e as texturas sonoras do Klændestine pintam um retrato de alienação e mistério dentro do cenário urbano moderno.
Todavia, o conceito da música e do vídeo permanece puramente fundamentado na poesia visual e sonora clássica das subculturas gótica e industrial.
The American epoch of oil is collapsing. What comes next could be ugly
China is dominating the energy transition with astonishing result, while fossil fuel fascists in the US try to turn back the clock [Fonte]
“Farewell,” the flag-waving Chinese children chanted to Donald Trump as he strolled along the red carpet back to Air Force One at the end of his summit with Xi Jinping in Beijing.
The US leader claimed he was leaving with a cluster of “fantastic” trade deals to sell US oil, jets and soya beans to China. That has not been confirmed by his smiling host, but one thing was crystal clear from the two days of meetings: the global balance of power is shifting, from the declining petrostate in the west to the rising electrostate in the east.
Trump flew home to chaos – war with Iran, surging gas prices, spectacular unpopularity, friction with former allies and a 20th-century policy of “energy dominance” that seeks to turn back the clock, use tariffs and military threats to open markets, and enrich his supporters in the fossil fuel industry. The long dominant superpower increasingly appears a malignant force as it pushes the world towards ever greater turbulence.
Xi, meanwhile, presides over a country that has invested more than any other in renewable energy, which has helped to buffer its economy from the gas price shocks caused by the conflict in the Middle East, while opening up huge new export markets for solar panels, wind turbines, smart grids and electric vehicles. While the Chinese president’s Communist party still faces criticism for its suppression of dissent, its soft power deficit no longer seems so great when its main global rival is killing protesters at home and bombing schoolchildren overseas.
Why is this happening now? Tempting as it is to blame these global shifts on a single malignant narcissist in the White House, a more useful – and maybe even hopeful – analysis needs to take into account the tectonic changes that are shaking not just the foundations of politics, but the very nature of human power, as the world shifts from molecules to electrons.
History has proven that when the dominant form of energy changes, there is often a shift in the global pecking order. We are now in the midst of one such transition as the epoch of petrol, predominantly produced in the United States, Russia and Gulf states, starts to give way to an era of renewables, overwhelmingly manufactured in China. But the outcome remains contested, and the process could be ugly. The new energy order is winning the economic and technological battle – wind turbines and solar panels were already producing record-cheap electricity even before the Iran war pushed up the costs of gas and oil-fired power plants. But the old petro-interests still have political, military and financial might on their side, and they are using that to try to turn back the energy clock.
As a result, democracies across the planet are now threatened by what might be called fossil fuel fascism – an extremist political movement that breaks laws, spreads lies and threatens violence in an increasingly desperate attempt to maintain markets for oil, gas and coal that would otherwise be replaced by cheaper renewables.
Of course, there are multiple other, overlapping reasons for the war against Iran: its nuclear program, Trump’s need for a distraction from the Epstein files, and his willingness to adopt positions favourable to Israel’s Benjamin Netanyahu, Russia’s Vladimir Putin and Saudi Arabia’s crown prince, Mohammed bin Salman, to name a few.
But the wider context is that the Earth is becoming a more hostile environment for humanity. This is driving up tensions, exposing economic limits that have been ignored for centuries and redefining geopolitical realities.
Who is actually winning? In the short term, the biggest windfall from the Iran conflict has gone to companies, executives and shareholders in the US petroleum industry – a major source of campaign funding for Trump – that was struggling with low prices and a production glut at the start of the year, but is now enjoying a spectacular revenue surge while rival suppliers in the Gulf are choked by threats in the strait of Hormuz. Along with Russian and Saudi Arabian petro-companies, US energy suppliers look set to cash in for months to come, even as consumers pay more at the pumps.
At the same time, the war is forcing countries across the world to explore ways to increase their energy independence. In the next few years, that will happen by increasing domestic production of oil, gas and coal. By one reckoning, this has increased the likely 2030 output of fossil fuels by a fifth – an alarming setback for global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and a victory for the petroleum industry and the far-right political groups it funds.
But that will not be the final reckoning of this war, which has reinforced the argument for both renewable energy and a concurrent shift in geopolitical alignments. With major oil and gas producers now led by ever more erratic and menacing authoritarian leaders, other countries are looking for alternative ways to generate power. Electric cars, for example, have never been more in demand.
The prime beneficiary is China, which suddenly appears a relative oasis of pragmatic, internationally minded diplomacy and energy independence. Beijing’s bet on renewable power and EVs over the past two decades is paying enormous dividends. Not only has this made it less reliant on fuel imports, it now has a wind, solar and battery export industry that looks set to dominate global markets for many decades to come.
Future historians may well see the Iran war as the moment the US unwittingly ceded leadership to China. If so, it would not be the first time that a change in the world’s energy matrix led to a reordering of the political hierarchy of nations. When humankind taps new power supplies, new empires rise and old ones fall. Realignments tend to be violent.
How empires fall
One of the cornerstones of geostrategic thinking since the start of the Industrial Revolution, 250 years ago, is that the country that controls energy supply controls the world. For most of the past century, that has centered on oil.
“Oil has meant mastery through the years,” wrote Daniel Yergin in his Pulitzer prize-winning book about the decisive role of energy in world politics, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. Yergin argues oil was a primary reason why Germany invaded the Soviet Union during the second world war, and motivated Japan to attack the US at Pearl Harbor. It was why the US launched Desert Storm to thwart Iraq’s seizure of Kuwait, which would have given Saddam Hussein control over the planet’s most abundant oil supplies. It explained former US president Barack Obama’s comment that energy was “priority number one” for his administration. Earlier this year, it was a primary justification by Trump and other US officials for invading Venezuela, which has the world’s biggest untapped reserves, and it is now a key factor in the war on Iran, which has the fourth highest supply.
Not for nothing has the old joke been revived that the “US is a very fortunate country because everywhere it goes to bring freedom it finds oil.”
But what is different today is the realisation that oil – once considered “black gold” – and other fossil fuels are now a toxic threat to the stability of the climate and the political world order. Now that cheaper, cleaner alternatives are available, the demand for these industrial fuels has to be artificially inflated, propped up by political lobbying, hefty subsidies, disinformation campaigns and military force.
The most spectacular example of an energy transition completely upturning the world order was in the mid-19th century, when the coal-powered gunships of the Royal Navy shredded the fragile coastal defences of southern China to impose a market for the British empire’s most lucrative and unethical commodity: opium. Up to that point, Beijing had been the capital of the world’s biggest economy for most of the previous 2,000 years but its historic advantage in manpower and culture was being lost to fossil-fuelled engines and the spirit-sapping drug trade. The Daoguang Emperor was so deeply in denial about the changes reshaping the world that his actions stirred rebellion among his own people. His forces were crushed by the superior firepower of an industrialised adversary, ushering in an era of western dominance that became known in China as the “century of humiliation”.
Britain’s empire also came to end – albeit it more limply – when its primary source of fuel – coal – was superseded by oil in the early-to-mid-20th century. Back then, the UK had no petroleum supplies of its own which meant it was at a disadvantage to the US. The power shift was confirmed in 1956 when Britain, France and Israel invaded Egypt to try to secure the Suez canal – a vital route for fossil fuels from the Middle East. The US refused to help this imperial adventure by the old world, thereby confirming Washington as the dominant superpower outside the Soviet bloc. Since then, it has steadily expanded its primacy in the age of oil.
That era – and that supremacy – are both now winding down, as the pendulum swings again, this time towards renewables and back to Asia. In the past decade, clean energy investment worldwide has risen tenfold to more than $2tn a year. Last year, it was more than double that of fossil fuels, and for the first time renewables overtook coal as the world’s top electricity source. “We have entered the age of clean energy,” the United Nations secretary-general, António Guterres, observed in February. “Those who lead this transition will lead the global economy of the future.”
There is only one contender for that title: China. It is impossible to understand what is happening in the US, Iran and Venezuela without looking there.
China looks to the future …
The government in Beijing has turned the greatest crisis facing humanity – climate breakdown – into an opportunity to finally lay to rest the “humiliation” of the opium war. For most of the past 30 years, it has been catching up with the west by copying its dirty, coal-driven model of industrialisation, which notoriously made it the world’s biggest carbon emitter. Now, though, it is leapfrogging its rivals on clean energy with astonishing results. For the past two years, China’s carbon emissions have been flat or falling, raising hopes of a historical turning point in the curve of global emissions.
Last year, the amount of wind and solar it had under construction was double the rest of the world combined, helping China to reach an installed capacity of 1,200GW six years ahead of the government’s schedule. Trump absurdly claimed he had not been able to find any wind turbines in China, though in reality the country now has more than the next 18 countries combined.
But the biggest success story is solar, which is now so cheap, abundant and efficient that its generation capacity in China has just overtaken coal for the first time. Meanwhile, petrol and diesel use is also falling because EVs account for more than half of car sales in China.
The country is also utterly dominant in supplying overseas markets with renewable technology. The top four wind turbine makers in the world are all Chinese. It is a similar story of majority market share for the manufacture and export of photovoltaic cells and EVs. China also controls supply of critical minerals, essential for batteries, AI datacentres and hi-tech military equipment.
Last year, more than 90% of the investment growth in China came in the renewables sector. Thanks to these trends, cleantech from China is affordable in many global south nations. The same is happening with battery technologies, which are spreading the market for electric cars to countries in Africa and South America.
China’s clean energy sector is now worth 15.4tn yuan ($2.2tn/£1.6tn), bigger than all but seven of the world’s economies. With every year that passes, this business becomes more important to the state, accounting for 11.4% of China’s gross domestic product last year, up from 7.3% in 2022.
To be sure China is simultaneously the world’s biggest investor in coal and far from a democracy in its domestic politics, but the scale of its renewable industry means Beijing has a growing stake in the success of global climate negotiations. Not just because it is good for the planet, but because it makes solid business sense.
The turbulence caused by the US-Israeli assault on Iran only strengthens its sales pitch.
… while the US goes backwards
While the rest of the world looks for an exit ramp off the exhaust-fumed highway on to a cleaner, electrified, 21st-century freeway, Trump has pulled a U-turn and is accelerating back towards 20th-century smoke stacks without so much as a glance in the rearview mirror.
On the same day he was sworn in for his second term in the White House, Trump signed an executive order withdrawing the US from the 2015 Paris Agreement, as he did in his first term.
But this time he has also announced that he will quit the entire UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Cop process that was put in place at the 1992 Earth Summit. In February his administration repealed the 2009 “endangerment finding”, the core US government determination that greenhouse gases threaten public health that has been the legal basis for almost all federal climate regulation over the past 17 years. Without it, power plants, factories and carmakers will have a freer pass to pollute the air and heat the atmosphere.
The US state has essentially been captured by a business group that puts its own interests above those of the nation
Trump has filled the Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency with dozens of former oil industry employees. He has declared a “national energy emergency”, which was a cue for businesses to mine, drill and frack like never before. He has signed at least 20 more executive orders meant to incentivize fossil fuel extraction. And he has granted $18bn in new and expanded tax incentives for fracking, drilling and pumping.
His administration halted the closure of 17GW worth of power plants that use coal, the dirtiest and most polluting fuel, and ordered the US defense department to procure billions of dollars of coal power. Industry executives have shown gratitude with donations and a trophy for the “undisputed champion of beautiful clean coal” given to Trump by the CEO of the largest coal company in the US.
He also used the military – and the federal budget – to assist the petroleum industry by seizing control of Venezuela. (It is not a coincidence that Venezuela and Iran are both key partners to China.) Domination of this country will give the US more influence in setting global oil prices. But for whose benefit? Donald Trump said US companies would tap these fossil fuels and “start making money for the country”. In fact, most of the first billion dollars in revenue was initially stashed offshore in a bank account in Qatar.
After Trump ordered the bombing of Iran, he initially celebrated the spike in crude values: “When oil prices go up, we make a lot of money,” he said, though the “we” evidently did not include the majority of Americans suffering from higher gas costs.
Meanwhile, his government has accelerated the phaseout of tax credits for renewable projects, which has had a chilling effect on the sector with $22bn in clean energy projects cancelled and wind power investment down to its lowest level in a decade. “My goal is to not let any windmill be built. They’re losers,” Trump told oil executives in January.
By the end of last year, downsizing and more than 60 project cancellations began to shake investor confidence in US renewables.
Three dollars of clean energy investment were abandoned for every one dollar announced in 2025, according to an analysis by the E2 thinktank. The record number of factory closures and project reversals eliminated 38,031 clean energy manufacturing jobs – more than in the previous three years combined. Worst hit was the EV and battery sectors, which each accounted for more than $21bn in lost investment. This eroded the global competitiveness of US carmakers at the worst possible moment when EV sales had just started to overtake those of petrol vehicles.
Oil in command
The US state has essentially been captured by a business group that puts its own interests above those of the nation.
During the last presidential election, Trump invited 20 oil executives, including the heads of Chevron, Exxon and Occidental, to his club in Mar-a-Lago, Florida, saying he would scrap barriers to drilling, resume gas exports and reverse car pollution controls if they helped to bankroll his race for office. Mike Sommers, president and CEO of the American Petroleum Institute, said Trump’s legislative agenda “includes almost all of our priorities”.
Big oil poured a record $450m into the campaigns of Trump and Republicans in 2024, according to the watchdog group Climate Power. Then after Trump won, the industry gave another $19m to his inauguration fund. And even though Trump is forbidden by the constitution from running for a third term, fossil fuel money continues to pour into his Pac, including $25m from oil pipeline company Energy Transfer Partners and its CEO, Kelcy Warren.
And these are only the publicly disclosed funds. Nobody knows how much secretive “dark money” is flowing through other channels, though it has been revealed that Trump accepted a gift of a Boeing 747-8 luxury jetliner from the oil-rich Qatari royal family. The similarly wealthy Abu Dhabi royals bought a $500m stake in the Trump family’s cryptocurrency business.
The White House argues the focus on fossil fuels is necessary for national security and “energy dominance”. Increasing supply, it insists, will bring down costs, trim inflation and stimulate the economy.
Ten or more years ago, this might have been true. But today solar and wind prices have fallen below coal and ushered in what the International Energy Agency calls “the cheapest electricity in history”. The Trump administration is denying US consumers these benefits. Electricity prices in the US rose more quickly than inflation even before the Iran war. Meanwhile, the hidden costs of fossil fuels, such as pollution and respiratory diseases hurt national productivity and add to the burden on taxpayers.
In the long term, it is hard to imagine a more self-harming policy. Between 2021 and 2024, the renewable sector was generating jobs 50% faster than the rest of the labour market. This is high-value employment with long-term prospects compared with jobs in the oil and gas extraction industry, which are projected to decline by 6% over the coming decade.
Most disturbingly, all of this creates a perverse incentive for the US to use its economic, diplomatic and military power to stimulate the market for fossil fuels.
The championing of fossil fuels depends on a big lie – that the US and the planet can return to an era powered by climate-destabilising fuels
Last September, Chris Wright, the US energy secretary and a former fracking magnate, went on an arm-twisting tour to Brussels and Milan to press the EU to increase its purchases of US liquified natural gas (LNG). In February, Wright stepped up the pressure, claiming there was “a climate cult” in Europe, after EU leaders agreed to reduce their energy dependency on the US in response to Trump’s talk of seizing Greenland.
The threats did not stop there. Wright said the US would leave the International Energy Agency unless it abandoned its goal of net zero carbon emissions and stopped referring to “climate stuff” in its analyses of renewables, fossil fuels and carbon emissions.
This explains why huge sums of money are now being channelled from the US to support far-right groups in Europe, who are campaigning on anti-net zero platforms.
The championing of fossil fuels depends on a big lie – that the US and the planet can return to an era powered by climate-destabilising fuels. It’s a lie that relies on threatening or downsizing scientific academies, truth-seeking news media and unfiltered online debate.
The US president has repeatedly called the climate crisis a “hoax”, “scam” or “bullshit”, ushering in what has been called a period of “climate hushing” (or “green hushing”). Essentially, this is a campaign to stifle public debate so that people are less aware of the dangers posed by fossil fuels and the benefits of cheaper renewable alternatives. His administration has announced plans to close down or slash budgets for the world’s leading science institutions. Meanwhile the president’s billionaire backers are helping to choke the climate debate in the media. After Elon Musk bought Twitter, now X, scientists report the social media algorithm is suppressing their voices and encouraging misinformation about the climate. Earlier this year, the Washington Post, owned by Jeff Bezos, slashed the size of the paper’s award-winning climate reporting team.
The Trump administration’s obsession with fossil fuels will dwarf the economic and human toll of the Iran war. The world’s hottest 10 years ever recorded have all occurred in the past decade. Extreme weather is increasingly out of control, pushing up food prices, prompting migration and sparking conflict. Many scientists fear the planet is heating faster than expected, pushing oceans, the Amazon, coral reefs, the Arctic and Antarctic ever closer to the point of no return. And worse is to come, with an El Niño expected to supercharge global temperatures in the coming year.
Throughout the world, a huge majority of people want their governments to take stronger action on the climate crisis. So fossil ambitions run up against popular opinion, which means its proponents have to rely on force to maintain control – with more oppression at home and more war overseas, an ever more extreme and violent response to ever more extreme and destructive weather.
All of this makes China suddenly seem a more appealing and serious alternative. This was not previously the case. Beijing used to project the opposite of soft power. Its political system is repressive. It continues to lock up journalists, artists and dissidents. But today there is a narrowing gap in its human rights record compared with the US, while its energy policy is increasingly aimed at halting climate breakdown rather than making it worse.
China, of course, is also building up its military and investing in energy-sucking artificial intelligence – though at much lower levels than the US. This is not to say its intentions are any more benign. But think of it, from the perspective of Europe, Africa or Latin America: do you choose China, which is becoming a modern electrostate that engages in multilateral decision making, and can supply you with more energy autonomy? Or do you pick the US, which appears to be trying to turn the clock back to the 20th century when it comes to fossil fuel domination, and the 19th century when it comes to imperial gunship diplomacy?
Former allies of the US are lining up to visit Beijing and seek balancing relationships with China. Canada’s prime minister, Mark Carney; Britain’s Keir Starmer; Germany’s Friedrich Merz have made the journey in the past few months. Narendra Modi, the prime minister of longtime rival India, visited last year, as did the EU president Ursula von der Leyen. As he did with Trump, Xi has accommodated them from a position of more global authority than any Chinese leader has had since the opium war.
The fightback
You have to grasp at straws until your fingers bleed to find positives in the US government these days, but at least the Trump administration has clearly delineated the battle lines on the future of the planet.
On one side are the vast majority of the world’s people, all of nature, 99.9% of climate scientists and the fastest-growing, greatest-job-creating chunk of the global economy: the clean energy sector.
On the other is Trump and the primary producers and users of fossil fuels, who need enormous taxpayer subsidies to stay profitable and ever greater violence to quell public unease and global opposition. The latter controls the US state – including the military and ICE – and is allied with much of the money of Silicon Valley’s power-thirsty datacentre companies. (The US and its tech oligarchs may be hoping that AI can replace energy as the country’s source of global power – but China is keeping apace on that front, too.)
Will this fossil fuel fascism, that billionaire-backed campaign to crush a green transition by any means necessary, hold back the tide of clean energy autonomy? It cannot be ruled out. The closest thing the world has to a planetary spokesperson recently warned of the dark forces threatening the future of all life on Earth: “Some fossil fuel interests remain hellbent on slowing progress, spreading disinformation, pretending the transition is unrealistic or unaffordable,” Guterres, the UN secretary-general, said last month. “Let’s tell it like it is; the world’s addiction to fossil fuels is one of the greatest threats to global stability and prosperity.”
But the climate will not be bending to the will of even the best funded, most heavily militarised and artificially idealised US administration nor the King Canute at its centre.
Most people realise this. Much of Europe is resisting. China is defiant. India is moving fast on solar. Brazil is pushing a roadmap away from fossil fuels. Colombia just hosted the First International Conference on Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels. Even in the US, people want their government to do more to prevent global heating.
The fightback is under way in the courts, at elections and on the streets. The most populous and fast-growing state economy of California already gets two-thirds of its electricity from renewables and has pledged to continue expanding wind and solar. Even Texas, the historic home of the US oil industry but also the centre of wind power, is bristling at Maga-led attempts to curtail renewables. Michigan is suing oil companies for delaying funds. Judges in Virginia, New York and New England, including a Trump appointee, have issued injunctions against government efforts to halt windfarm projects. The US president’s popularity has plummeted and polls suggest his party will lose heavily in the autumn midterms – if they are allowed to go ahead without Maga interference.
Despite the deep pockets of the backers of fossil fuel fascism, their resistance will be futile. The movement could become more deranged and violent in its efforts to turn back the clock, suppress dissent and thwart China’s rise. But ultimately, the planet will have the final say.
Elon Musk perde processo contra a OpenAI e Sam Altman
O tribunal federal da Califórnia deu razão à OpenAI e ao seu diretor-executivo, Sam Altman, no processo apresentado por Elon Musk em 2024, rejeitando as alegações de que a empresa teria traído a sua missão original de desenvolver inteligência artificial em benefício da humanidade ao evoluir para um modelo com fins lucrativos.
A decisão foi conhecida esta segunda-feira, depois de mais de duas horas de deliberações do júri no tribunal federal de Oakland, na Califórnia.
Num veredicto unânime, o júri concluiu que não existiam fundamentos suficientes para sustentar as acusações apresentadas por Elon Musk.
O processo insere-se num longo conflito entre Musk e a OpenAI, no qual o empresário acusa a empresa de ter abandonado os princípios fundadores e de ter colocado o lucro à frente do objetivo inicial de "benefício da humanidade".
Na queixa, Musk descreve o caso como uma “história clássica de altruísmo versus ganância”, alegando ter financiado a organização com dezenas de milhões de dólares na fase inicial, em 2015, além de ter recrutado investigadores para o projeto.
Musk, que abandonou a direção da OpenAI em 2018, tem criticado de forma recorrente a evolução da empresa, sobretudo após a parceria com a Microsoft e o crescimento do ChatGPT, apontando um afastamento da missão original.
De acordo com a Reuters, no final da audiência, o advogado de Elon Musk afirmou que a defesa poderá recorrer da decisão. Ainda assim, a juíza federal Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers indicou que um eventual recurso poderá enfrentar dificuldades, uma vez que o prazo legal para apresentação da queixa já tinha expirado.
A juíza afirmou ainda que existiam provas suficientes para sustentar a decisão do júri.
“Há uma quantidade substancial de provas que sustentam a decisão do júri e é por isso que estava preparada para arquivar o caso imediatamente”, afirmou a juíza, sublinhando a robustez da decisão.
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Projeção máxima de aquecimento global cai 1 ºC por causa das renováveis
As projeções mais pessimistas para a subida da temperatura até ao fim do século foram revistas em baixa, à medida que as medidas de mitigação começam a dar frutos
A queda acentuada do custo da energia solar e eólica tornou um futuro altamente dependente de combustíveis fósseis cada vez mais improvável e as políticas climáticas estão a ajudar a reduzir as emissões, que já ficam abaixo das antigas projeções de pior caso
Alguns dos principais cientistas do clima do mundo consideram agora que o aumento de 4,5 °C até 2100, anteriormente projetado, deixou de ser plausível e reduziram o limite superior do seu cenário mais pessimista de aquecimento global para 3,5 °C acima dos níveis pré-industriais
Os novos modelos resultam do Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP), que elaborou projeções climáticas com base em cenários alternativos de futuras emissões e alterações no uso do solo. Liderado por um comité internacional de cientistas de topo, as suas conclusões serão integradas em futuras avaliações do Painel Intergovernamental para as Alterações Climáticas (IPCC) da ONU
Ainda assim, as projeções mais pessimistas ficam muito longe do limite máximo de 2 °C acordado pelos países no Acordo de Paris de 2015 e continuariam a provocar consequências desastrosas para o planeta.
Como foram modeladas as temperaturas futuras mais extremas?
Os cientistas simularam vários cenários para projetar o melhor e o pior caso de aquecimento global até ao ano 2100.
Foram considerados fatores como a futura população mundial, o consumo de energia, as fontes de energia, o investimento na adaptação e mitigação das alterações climáticas, as políticas climáticas e a colaboração entre países.
Os cenários mais pessimistas imaginam um mundo em que as políticas climáticas e os esforços de mitigação são enfraquecidos ou invertidos, e em que o uso de combustíveis fósseis aumenta, a par de tecnologias e estilos de vida muito intensivos em recursos e energia.
Um uso intensivo de combustíveis fósseis ultrapassaria as reservas atuais, o que significaria recorrer a depósitos ainda por descobrir, cuja extração se tornaria viável graças a futuras tecnologias.
Os modelos assumem também o fim da queda, que já dura há uma década, nos custos das energias renováveis, possivelmente porque os minerais necessários para painéis solares, turbinas eólicas e baterias de veículos elétricos se tornam escassos ou ficam presos em disputas comerciais.
A falta de cooperação na resposta às preocupações ambientais globais, incluindo progressos insuficientes em tecnologias de baixas emissões, poderá agravar a situação.
Um forte crescimento económico e a concorrência regional, o ressurgimento do nacionalismo, receios quanto à competitividade e à segurança e conflitos regionais podem levar os países a dar prioridade a questões internas ou regionais face à mitigação das alterações climáticas. Segundo o estudo, isto poderia conduzir ao colapso das políticas climáticas internacionais e nacionais.
Os modelos de pior caso projetam que o consequente pico de emissões provoque alterações irreversíveis nos componentes mais lentos do sistema terrestre, como o oceano profundo ou as calotes e geleiras, que regulam o clima global.
Embora este cenário seja improvável, os seus impactos seriam catastróficos.
Ao longo deste ano serão realizadas novas simulações com Modelos do Sistema Terrestre, que incluirão também os efeitos das retroações do ciclo do carbono, e os seus resultados poderão alterar as projeções.
Quais são os cenários alternativos?
O relatório modela igualmente cenários progressivamente mais moderados, que vão de emissões elevadas até meados do século seguidas de reduções rápidas, a políticas climáticas reforçadas que levam o mundo a atingir a neutralidade carbónica o mais depressa possível, limitando aquilo que o estudo designa como a agora “inevitável” ultrapassagem da meta preferencial de 1,5 °C do Acordo de Paris. Os modelos prolongam-se até ao ano 2500.
Se as políticas climáticas atuais continuarem inalteradas, estimativas preliminares apontam para uma subida da temperatura de cerca de 2,5 °C. Se as medidas de mitigação forem adiadas mas o mundo conseguir alcançar a neutralidade carbónica até ao fim do século, os modelos indicam que a subida da temperatura poderá atingir 2 °C.
Mesmo cenários de baixas emissões podem bloquear alterações catastróficas do nível do mar e dos mantos de gelo que são irreversíveis à escala de tempo humana. Uma ultrapassagem temporária dos 1,5 °C, mesmo que revertida, pode também causar danos duradouros em ecossistemas vitais, como recifes de coral e florestas tropicais.
Desenvolvidos em meados da década de 2010, os cenários anteriores utilizavam dados reais de emissões até 2015. Os novos modelos estendem esse período até 2023 e descrevem melhor a forma como os sistemas da Terra respondem ao aquecimento – por exemplo, quanto CO2 os oceanos e as florestas absorvem à medida que as temperaturas sobem.
O declínio da ordem democrática e a emergência da Pós-Democracia
Hoje, parece que a democracia deixou de ser a força motriz do desenvolvimento político que foi durante o último meio século. Há sinais de que isso é evidente.
A ordem mundial estabelecida no final da Segunda Guerra Mundial concebia a democracia como a forma ideal de governo, baseada em três ideias fundamentais: a eleição popular de autoridades através de sufrágios livres, competitivos, igualitários e secretos; a separação de poderes; e a expansão dos direitos humanos no âmbito do Estado de Direito. Tudo isto, além disso, ocorreu num contexto de crescente reconhecimento do pluralismo.
Este panorama consolidou-se no contexto da "terceira vaga" teorizada por Samuel Huntington, que abrange os processos democratizadores ocorridos nas duas décadas que separam os países do sul da Europa dos do leste. O fracasso do comunismo, do militarismo desenvolvimentista e de vários modelos de regimes sultanistas era evidente, e quase todos os países latino-americanos se viram imersos nesse movimento. Restaram apenas casos desviantes, como Cuba, mas a maioria aparentemente seguiu o caminho da chamada consolidação democrática.
O sucesso desta transformação no final do século passado traduziu-se num novo impulso na ciência política e numa agenda para a "qualidade da democracia", que consiste em mensurar o seu comportamento de acordo com abordagens teóricas pioneiras, desenvolvidas, entre outros, por Guillermo O'Donnell e Leonardo Morlino. Isto levou a avanços significativos na análise da democracia com base na avaliação dos seus componentes. A Freedom House, a The Economist Intelligence Unit, a Fundação Bertelsmann, a International IDEA e o Projeto V-DEM foram os agentes mais proeminentes na condução destes estudos.
Os Sintomas de Fadiga e a Revolução Digital
A reviravolta global provocada pela pandemia exacerbou os sintomas de fadiga que vários países, em diferentes níveis da estrutura democrática, vinham a experimentar. A desconfiança nas instituições, o desapego face à democracia e a crise de representação política — evidentes em partidos fragmentados e voláteis, com uma identidade reduzida e difusa — tornaram-se patentes. Isto foi também articulado pela centralidade de líderes inexperientes, empurrados para a arena política por consultores de comunicação especializados. Além disso, na maioria dos países latino-americanos, os fracos resultados no combate à insegurança pública e à corrupção desacreditaram ainda mais a política.
Este cenário completou-se com uma sociedade transformada pela revolução digital exponencial:
- O crescente individualismo e a articulação de diferentes identidades nas redes sociais emergentes (que romperam com as formas anteriores de interação social);
- Novos mecanismos de informação e comunicação que alcançavam as pessoas de forma personalizada, imediata e viral;
O domínio da pós-verdade, marcado por formas de manipulação da realidade.
Tratou-se, em suma, da consolidação de uma "sociedade do cansaço", segundo Byung-Chul Han, que explorou o estado da "sociedade líquida" descrita por Zygmunt Bauman ao teorizar sobre a sociedade de consumo.
Hoje, parece que a democracia deixou de ser a força motriz do desenvolvimento político que foi durante o último meio século. Nada sugere que o inegável consenso estabelecido se mantenha. Os sinais são claros.
O Cenário Pós-Democrático e as Três Ameaças
O mundo é atualmente movido por conglomerados tecnológicos em constante crescimento, com uma escala financeira sem precedentes. Estes agem em conjunto com a alienação dos seres humanos, desenvolvendo novas formas de ação coletiva incompatíveis com a forma como a democracia, agora desarticulada, evoluiu ao longo de décadas, abrindo caminho para um cenário pós-democrático invulgar e incerto, onde a polarização emocional se mostra um instrumento eficaz.
Dentro da ambiguidade do termo, e em meio ao desmantelamento do multilateralismo como caminho para uma ordem mundial minimamente operacional, emergem três fenómenos, aos quais se soma agora a disrupção provocada pela inteligência artificial (IA):
1. A capacidade autodestrutiva inerente: Há atores internos cujo comportamento é desleal, ou mesmo "semileal", como denunciou Juan Linz. Um exemplo é Vladimir Putin, que já foi presidente graças ao voto popular, mas iniciou de imediato a erosão do credo democrático, esmagando a oposição e controlando todas as alavancas do poder. O chavismo, Daniel Ortega e Nayib Bukele fizeram o mesmo, com resultados devastadores para os seus países.
2. A retórica populista e nacionalista: Diz respeito ao caminho perigoso trilhado por Donald Trump e os seus seguidores na Europa e na América Latina. O seu comportamento mina os direitos humanos ao bloquear políticas de inclusão, diversidade e igualdade, e ao criar bodes expiatórios para escoar a ira de uma população seduzida por múltiplas formas de manipulação da realidade. A retórica nacionalista, bem como os ataques aos meios de comunicação independentes, a intelectuais e a grupos de oposição, minam qualquer estrutura de consideração e respeito pelo pluralismo.
3. O modelo autoritário de sucesso: Refere-se ao modelo chinês de inegável sucesso económico e enorme transformação social, impulsionado pela urbanização e pela elevação dos padrões educativos e de saúde. Assim, o autoritarismo chinês tornou-se um estímulo à manutenção de formas antidemocráticas noutros países.
O Impacto da Inteligência Artificial
Por sua vez, a IA está a revelar-se uma ferramenta disruptiva que impacta drasticamente a desinformação e fomenta o conhecimento profundo das preferências das pessoas, tornando a participação política convencional obsoleta. Não será surpresa, portanto, que a forma como os eleitores se deslocam regularmente às urnas seja em breve substituída, tal como a forma como elegem os seus representantes.
A pós-democracia, em suma, representa um espaço incerto que responde aos desafios da sociedade digital, sendo, ao mesmo tempo, a consequência do cerco histórico sofrido pela democracia representativa e das suas falhas em enfrentar os problemas dos cidadãos e responder às suas exigências.
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Combinação de fenómenos climáticos extremos pode obrigar a rever metas de emissões de carbono
Eventos climáticos extremos que ocorrem em simultâneo – como chuvas intensas acompanhadas por ondas de calor ou secas associadas a temperaturas extremas – poderão tornar-se muito mais frequentes nas próximas décadas se as emissões de carbono continuarem a aumentar. O alerta surge num novo estudo internacional publicado na revista científica Nature.
A investigação conclui que os atuais limites globais de emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2) definidos para manter o aquecimento global abaixo de 1,5 °C e 2 °C poderão ser insuficientes para evitar os impactos mais graves das chamadas “combinações de extremos climáticos”.
Os cientistas utilizaram modelos climáticos e simulações para calcular a frequência futura de fenómenos compostos, como eventos simultaneamente quentes e húmidos ou períodos de seca acompanhados por calor extremo, em função das emissões acumuladas de CO2.
Segundo o estudo, os eventos compostos mais comuns tendem a aumentar de forma linear à medida que as emissões sobem. Já os fenómenos mais raros e severos deverão intensificar-se de forma muito mais rápida.
Os investigadores Yao Zhang e Zhaoli Wang concluíram que estes eventos extremos poderão ocorrer entre 37% e 75% mais frequentemente do que o previsto pelos modelos climáticos atualmente utilizados.
De acordo com os autores, isto significa que os chamados “orçamentos de carbono” – a quantidade máxima de CO2 que a humanidade ainda pode emitir sem ultrapassar determinados limites de aquecimento global – poderão ter de ser reduzidos significativamente.
Os cientistas defendem que os modelos atuais avaliam sobretudo a relação entre emissões e aumento médio da temperatura global, mas não captam totalmente os impactos sociais e ecológicos provocados pela combinação simultânea de fenómenos extremos.
“Eventos compostos, como calor extremo e inundações ao mesmo tempo, representam riscos particularmente elevados para sociedades e ecossistemas”, sublinham os autores.
O estudo propõe ainda uma nova métrica para integrar estes fenómenos nas futuras negociações climáticas e na definição de políticas ambientais mais abrangentes.
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Trump cuts to weather data could make forecasts less reliable, warn experts
As the US prepares for hurricane season and a summer of record-breaking heat, experts fear the Trump administration’s cuts to climate and weather data programming could make the federal government’s weather forecasts less reliable when they are needed most.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Noaa) late last year launched a suite of artificial intelligence-powered global weather forecast models which it said would improve “speed, efficiency, and accuracy”. In March, an agency official said those models were being trained with centuries of weather data.
Artificial intelligence is a valuable tool for weather prediction, but only when it is well-trained with ample data, said Monica Medina, who served as Noaa’s principal deputy undersecretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere from 2009 to 2012.
Under Trump, climate and weather data collection has declined, said Medina. This year, the Trump administration proposed a modest budget increase for the National Weather Service, but a 40% cut to Noaa overall.
“We absolutely need AI to help us crunch the data faster and to make sense of more and more data that we can collect,” said Medina, who under Joe Biden also served as assistant secretary of state for oceans. “But right now, what we’re doing is cutting back the data collection … we’re going in the wrong direction.”
In an emailed comment, Erica Grow Cei, a National Weather Service spokesperson said: “Despite the misinformation circulating about missing weather and climate data, there is, in fact, a wealth of weather data collected each day, from satellites in space, to a network of weather balloons, to buoys in the ocean, and land-based sensors.”
But widespread reports show staffing cuts have forced Noaa’s National Weather Service to scale back satellites and balloon launches, key parts of the country’s data collection system. And shrunken climate programs threaten ocean buoy networks and other observation systems, experts say. Research into effects of the climate crisis on Earth’s systems is also being slashed, along with funding for researchers who analyze data and identify new sources.
“Weather times time equals climate,” said Craig McLean, Noaa’s former acting chief scientist and head of Noaa Research. “Cutting climate research impacts the skill of our weather forecast, and it arrests our advancement of weather forecasts.”
Those impediments are coming as the US is preparing for more extreme weather. A “super El Niño” is expected to spike temperatures, smash heat records nationwide and may boost hurricane activity in some regions.
Noaa will issue its outlook for the 2026 Atlantic hurricane season on Thursday.
‘A climate that no longer exists’
For decades, scientists used traditional physics-based models to predict future weather conditions, using complex mathematical equations to simulate the dynamics at work in the atmosphere. New AI-based models instead identify patterns in decades of historical data to forecast weather outcomes.
That new technology uses less computing power than traditional models – which must run thousands of mathematical equations to work – and has been found to outperform traditional models for some aspects of weather forecasting. But it also seems to have major shortcomings, experts have found.
Crucially, when it comes to predicting extreme weather events, new models still “underperform”, according to an April study published in Science Advances. Because their forecasts are based on past weather events, the authors found, they seem to have trouble simulating the record-breaking weather events that are becoming increasingly common amid the climate crisis, instead tending to predict weather more similar to historical events.
Traditional physics-based models don’t have this problem, because they assess and predict the weather outcomes that certain physical conditions yield.
“They don’t really care if there’s a different situation than we’ve seen before, because they can understand based on a rules-based [analysis] what will happen tomorrow,” said Sebastian Engelke, a professor at the University of Geneva who co-authored the study.
Chris Gloninger, a forensic meteorologist who in 2023 received death threats after speaking about the climate crisis on television, likened the problems with AI-powered models to the ways other kinds of infrastructure struggles to manage a world experiencing global warming.
“You have infrastructure systems in this country that are built on having a steady or static climate, and we know that that’s not the case as extremes are increasing,” he said.
Like stormwater systems that were not designed to keep up with climate-fueled heavy rainfall events or roads that were not designed to withstand climate-fueled extreme heat, “the AI weather models were trained on a climate that no longer exists”, Gloninger said.
This problem already has real-world implications, said Gloninger, noting that conventional models outperformed AI-based ones when forecasting a historic February 2026 blizzard in the north-eastern US.
If the government scales up its reliance on AI-powered models while reducing the amount of data that powers them, that problem could compromise federal forecasts, said Gloninger.
“It’s kind of a snowball effect,” he said. “You need accurate data for inputs for our forecast models, but we’re running on less data currently with this current administration.”
Long before Trump re-entered office, the National Weather Service had faced decades of understaffing. Recent cuts have exacerbated the problem, Gloninger said.
Noaa has not wholesale switched to AI forecasting. Instead, it says it is employing more artificial intelligence in its ensemble models, which blend multiple techniques to produce a range of probable outcomes. Cei said Noaa’s new AI-powered model suite is “an addition to our stable of weather models, not a replacement”, adding that it was “built on data” from the agency’s flagship physics-based Global Forecast System model.
But Gloninger said he was still concerned that rolling any AI technology into federal models could raise problems, particularly amid cuts to weather data collection and climate research.
“There could still very much be issues when you have a component of artificial intelligence that isn’t really trained when it comes to extreme weather and climate,” he said.
Neil Jacobs, current Noaa administrator, is “probably one of the pre-eminent modeling scientists”, said John Sokich, a former director of congressional affairs for the National Weather Service.
“I don’t believe he would rush implement something that has not been tested,” said Sokich.
But though Jacobs is “committed to advancing weather forecasting”, Jacobs is also “a Trump appointee who must back the Trump budget or leave his job”, said McLean. The administrator defended Trump’s Noaa cuts at a House environment subcommittee hearing in April, McLean noted.
“I don’t think Dr Jacobs would be in a rush to be replacing capacity with AI that’s not ready yet,” he said. “But at the same time, the man has demonstrated his willingness to be obedient to the president who appointed him [and who is] destroying the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.”
Weather forecasts serve “indispensable” practical functions, powering early disaster warnings, enabling safe aviation and shipping, and helping officials optimize sectors of the economy from energy production to agriculture, said Medina. Less accurate forecasting could pose dangers to Americans, she said.
“Weather forecasts are vital to our economy, to our health, and to public safety,” she said.
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